Site type

Location

Coordinates (degrees)
033.383° S, 022.183° E
Coordinates (DMS)
033° 22' 00" E, 022° 10' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166)
South Africa (ZA)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (72)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
AA-6959 GWA/HCA eggshell Struthio camelus conventional 14C 17830±125 BP miller1999emh
AA-6956 LPM eggshell Struthio camelus conventional 14C 21310±170 BP miller1999emh
AA-6957 LPM eggshell Struthio camelus conventional 14C 21240±190 BP miller1999emh
AA-6958 CL 1 eggshell Struthio camelus conventional 14C 10430±80 BP miller1999emh
Beta-33543 BPK eggshell Struthio camelus conventional 14C 32890±990 BP miller1999emh
OxA-33812 CL 1 charcoal NA AMS 10505±45 BP pargeter2018bsa
OxA-33813 CL 2 charcoal NA AMS 12635±50 BP pargeter2018bsa
OxA-33814 CL 3 charcoal NA AMS 12985±55 BP pargeter2018bsa
OxA-33815 GWA/HCA charcoal NA AMS 17935±80 BP pargeter2018bsa
OxA-33816 LPGGU charcoal NA AMS 17930±90 BP pargeter2018bsa
OxA-33817 LPGGU charcoal NA AMS 17640±80 BP pargeter2018bsa
OxA-33818 BPJ charcoal NA AMS 34270±360 BP pargeter2018bsa
OxA-33819 BPK charcoal NA AMS 34860±390 BP pargeter2018bsa
Pta-1810 LPC charcoal NA conventional 14C 21220±195 BP deacon1983pfr
Pta-1811 NA conventional 14C 37400±1370 BP vogel2001rdm
Pta-1828 CL 1 charcoal NA conventional 14C 12060±105 BP deacon1984lss
Pta-2219 BP (base charcoal NA conventional 14C 33920±770 BP vogel2001rdm
Pta-2220 BP (base) charcoal NA conventional 14C 34670±350 BP vogel2001rdm
Pta-2259 CL 4 geological carbonate NA conventional 14C 13210±55 BP vogel2001rdm
Pta-2268 NA conventional 14C 26670±280 BP vogel2001rdm

typological date Typological dates (72)

Classification Estimated age References
Robberg NA NA
LSA NA miller1999emh
ELSA NA NA
LSA NA miller1999emh
ELSA NA NA
LSA NA miller1999emh
Robberg NA NA
MSA NA miller1999emh
Final MSA NA NA
LSA NA pargeter2018bsa
Robberg NA NA
LSA NA pargeter2018bsa
Robberg NA NA
LSA NA pargeter2018bsa
Robberg NA NA
LSA NA pargeter2018bsa
Robberg NA NA
LSA NA pargeter2018bsa
Robberg NA NA
LSA NA miller1999emh

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references

@misc{miller1999emh,
  
}
@misc{pargeter2018bsa,
  
}
@misc{deacon1983pfr,
  
}
@misc{vogel2001rdm,
  
}
@misc{deacon1984lss,
  
}
@misc{fairhall1976uwd,
  
}
@misc{Miller GH Beaumont P Deacon HJ Brooks AS Hare PE and Jull AJ. 1999. Earliest modern humans in southern Africa dated by isoleucine epimerization in ostrich eggshell. Quaternary Science Reviews 18(13):1537–1548.,
  
}
@misc{Stuckenrath et al. 1966; D.W. Clark 1984; Erlandson et al. 1992; Mills 1994,
  
}
@misc{Pargeter J. Loftus E. Stewart B. Mackay A. and Mitchell P. 2017.New ages from Boomplaas Cave South Africa provide increased resolution on late/terminal Pleistocene human behavioural variability. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  
}
@misc{Vogel JC. 2001. Radiometric dates for the Middle Stone Age in South Africa. In Tobias PV Raath MA Moggi-Cecchi J Doyle GA (eds). Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia Florence University Press: Florence 261–268.,
  
}
@misc{Gallegos,
  
}
@misc{Parkington J. 1992. Making sense of sequence at the Elands Bay cave western Cape South Africa.Guide to archaeological sites in the south-western Cape6 p.12.,
  
}
@misc{Parkington J. and Hall M. 1987. Patterning in recent radiocarbon dates from southern Africa as a reflection of prehistoric settlement and interaction.The Journal of African History28(01) pp.1-25.,
  
}
@misc{Morris AG. 1992. The skeletons of contact. A study of protohistoric burials from the lower Orange River valley South Africa. Witwatersrand University Press: Johannesburg,
  
}
@misc{JAS 27 2000: 75. Bocquet-Appel J.P. & Demars P.Y. 2000. Antiquity 74: 544-52. Higham T.   2012. JHE.,
  
}
@misc{Deacon J. 1984. The Later Stone Age of Southernmost Africa (Vol. 213). British Archaeological Reports: Oxford.,
  
}
@misc{Cooke C.K. 1963. Report on excavations at Pomongwe and Tshangula Caves Matopo Hills Southern Rhodesia.The South African Archaeological Bulletin18(71) pp.73-151.,
  
}
@misc{Binneman J. and Hall S.. 1993. The context of four painted stones from the South-Eastern and Eastern Cape.Southern African Field Archaeology2 pp.89-95.,
  
}
@misc{Fairhall A Young A and Erickson J. 1976. University of Washington Dates IV. Radiocarbon 18:221–239.,
  
}
@misc{Lyman 2001; Fairhall et al. 1976: 230-231; Sprague 1976: 565 1981: 208,
  
}
@misc{Opperman H. 1978. Excavations in the Buffelskloof rock shelter near Calitzdorp southern Cape.The South African Archaeological Bulletin33(127) pp.18-38.,
  
}
@misc{Lyman 2001; Browman and Munsell 1969: 250; Fairhall et al. 1966: 504; Greengo 1986: 8,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"miller1999emh","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"pargeter2018bsa","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"deacon1983pfr","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"vogel2001rdm","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"deacon1984lss","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"fairhall1976uwd","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Miller GH Beaumont P Deacon HJ Brooks AS Hare PE and Jull AJ. 1999. Earliest modern humans in southern Africa dated by isoleucine epimerization in ostrich eggshell. Quaternary Science Reviews 18(13):1537–1548.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Stuckenrath et al. 1966; D.W. Clark 1984; Erlandson et al. 1992; Mills 1994","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Pargeter J. Loftus E. Stewart B. Mackay A. and Mitchell P. 2017.New ages from Boomplaas Cave South Africa provide increased resolution on late/terminal Pleistocene human behavioural variability. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC. 2001. Radiometric dates for the Middle Stone Age in South Africa. In Tobias PV Raath MA Moggi-Cecchi J Doyle GA (eds). Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia Florence University Press: Florence 261–268.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Gallegos","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Parkington J. 1992. Making sense of sequence at the Elands Bay cave western Cape South Africa.Guide to archaeological sites in the south-western Cape6 p.12.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Parkington J. and Hall M. 1987. Patterning in recent radiocarbon dates from southern Africa as a reflection of prehistoric settlement and interaction.The Journal of African History28(01) pp.1-25.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Morris AG. 1992. The skeletons of contact. A study of protohistoric burials from the lower Orange River valley South Africa. Witwatersrand University Press: Johannesburg","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"JAS 27 2000: 75. Bocquet-Appel J.P. & Demars P.Y. 2000. Antiquity 74: 544-52. Higham T.   2012. JHE.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Deacon J. 1984. The Later Stone Age of Southernmost Africa (Vol. 213). British Archaeological Reports: Oxford.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Cooke C.K. 1963. Report on excavations at Pomongwe and Tshangula Caves Matopo Hills Southern Rhodesia.The South African Archaeological Bulletin18(71) pp.73-151.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Binneman J. and Hall S.. 1993. The context of four painted stones from the South-Eastern and Eastern Cape.Southern African Field Archaeology2 pp.89-95.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Fairhall A Young A and Erickson J. 1976. University of Washington Dates IV. Radiocarbon 18:221–239.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Lyman 2001; Fairhall et al. 1976: 230-231; Sprague 1976: 565 1981: 208","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Opperman H. 1978. Excavations in the Buffelskloof rock shelter near Calitzdorp southern Cape.The South African Archaeological Bulletin33(127) pp.18-38.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Lyman 2001; Browman and Munsell 1969: 250; Fairhall et al. 1966: 504; Greengo 1986: 8","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: miller1999emh
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: pargeter2018bsa
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: deacon1983pfr
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: vogel2001rdm
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: deacon1984lss
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: fairhall1976uwd
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Miller GH Beaumont P Deacon HJ Brooks AS Hare PE and Jull AJ. 1999. Earliest
  modern humans in southern Africa dated by isoleucine epimerization in ostrich eggshell.
  Quaternary Science Reviews 18(13):1537–1548.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Stuckenrath et al. 1966; D.W. Clark 1984; Erlandson et al. 1992; Mills
  1994
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Pargeter J. Loftus E. Stewart B. Mackay A. and Mitchell P. 2017.New
  ages from Boomplaas Cave South Africa provide increased resolution on late/terminal
  Pleistocene human behavioural variability. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC. 2001. Radiometric dates for the Middle Stone Age in South
  Africa. In Tobias PV Raath MA Moggi-Cecchi J Doyle GA (eds). Humanity from African
  Naissance to Coming Millennia Florence University Press: Florence 261–268.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Gallegos
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Parkington J. 1992. Making sense of sequence at the Elands Bay cave western
  Cape South Africa.Guide to archaeological sites in the south-western Cape6 p.12.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Parkington J. and Hall M. 1987. Patterning in recent radiocarbon dates
  from southern Africa as a reflection of prehistoric settlement and interaction.The
  Journal of African History28(01) pp.1-25.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Morris AG. 1992. The skeletons of contact. A study of protohistoric
  burials from the lower Orange River valley South Africa. Witwatersrand University
  Press: Johannesburg'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'JAS 27 2000: 75. Bocquet-Appel J.P. & Demars P.Y. 2000. Antiquity 74:
  544-52. Higham T.   2012. JHE.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Deacon J. 1984. The Later Stone Age of Southernmost Africa (Vol. 213).
  British Archaeological Reports: Oxford.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Cooke C.K. 1963. Report on excavations at Pomongwe and Tshangula Caves
  Matopo Hills Southern Rhodesia.The South African Archaeological Bulletin18(71) pp.73-151.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Binneman J. and Hall S.. 1993. The context of four painted stones from
  the South-Eastern and Eastern Cape.Southern African Field Archaeology2 pp.89-95.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Fairhall A Young A and Erickson J. 1976. University of Washington Dates
  IV. Radiocarbon 18:221–239.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Lyman 2001; Fairhall et al. 1976: 230-231; Sprague 1976: 565 1981: 208'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Opperman H. 1978. Excavations in the Buffelskloof rock shelter near Calitzdorp
  southern Cape.The South African Archaeological Bulletin33(127) pp.18-38.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Lyman 2001; Browman and Munsell 1969: 250; Fairhall et al. 1966: 504;
  Greengo 1986: 8'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog