Site type

Location

Coordinates (degrees)
029.317° S, 027.817° E
Coordinates (DMS)
029° 19' 00" E, 027° 49' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166)
Lesotho (LS)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (23)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
OxA-26230 NA charcoal NA NA 9335±30 BP 10648–10439 cal BP Roberts P. Lee-Thorp J.A. Mitchell P.J. and Arthur C. 2013. Stable carbon isotopic evidence for climate change across the late Pleistocene to early Holocene from Lesotho southern Africa.Journal of Quaternary Science28(4) pp.360-369. Bird et al. 2022
OxA-26231 NA charcoal NA NA 9505±55 BP 11076–10585 cal BP SARD Bird et al. 2022
OxA-32158 NA charcoal NA NA 8802±39 BP 10120–9681 cal BP Mitchell P. and Arthur C. 2012. The archaeology of the Metolong Dam Lesotho. The Digging Stick 29: 1–5 Bird et al. 2022
OxA-32159 NA charcoal NA NA 9560±45 BP 11097–10720 cal BP SARD Bird et al. 2022
OxA-32160 NA charcoal NA NA 8945±45 BP 10218–9909 cal BP Mitchell P. and Arthur C. 2012. The archaeology of the Metolong Dam Lesotho. The Digging Stick 29: 1–5 Bird et al. 2022
OxA-32161 NA charcoal NA NA 8820±40 BP 10130–9692 cal BP SARD Bird et al. 2022
OxA-X-2460-48 NA charcoal NA NA 8905±70 BP 10220–9763 cal BP Roberts P. Lee-Thorp J.A. Mitchell P.J. and Arthur C. 2013. Stable carbon isotopic evidence for climate change across the late Pleistocene to early Holocene from Lesotho southern Africa.Journal of Quaternary Science28(4) pp.360-369. Bird et al. 2022
OxA-X-2460-49 NA charcoal NA NA 11830±90 BP 13993–13494 cal BP Birel S. 2015. Environmental Archaeology 20: 30-40. Vukosavljevid N. A C T A A R C H A E O L O G I C A C A R P A T H I C A VOL. LII 2017: 5-21. Bird et al. 2022
Pta-5207 NA charcoal NA NA 9690±120 BP 11387–10664 cal BP Mitchell P.J. 1993. Archaeological Investigations at two Lesotho Rock-shelters: Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Assemblages from Ha Makotoko and Ntloana Tsoana. InProceedings of the Prehistoric Society(Vol. 59 pp. 39-60). Cambridge University Press. Bird et al. 2022
Pta-5208 NA charcoal NA NA 10200±100 BP 12459–11401 cal BP Van der Ryst M.M. 1998.The Waterberg Plateau in the Northern Province Republic of South Africa in the Later Stone Age(Vol. 715). British Archaeological Reports International Series. Bird et al. 2022
Pta-5236 NA charcoal NA NA 12110±120 BP 14790–13611 cal BP Mitchell P.J. 1993. Archaeological Investigations at two Lesotho Rock-shelters: Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Assemblages from Ha Makotoko and Ntloana Tsoana. InProceedings of the Prehistoric Society(Vol. 59 pp. 39-60). Cambridge University Press. Bird et al. 2022
Pta-5237 NA charcoal NA NA 9420±110 BP 11099–10301 cal BP Mitchell P.J. 1993. Archaeological Investigations at two Lesotho Rock-shelters: Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Assemblages from Ha Makotoko and Ntloana Tsoana. InProceedings of the Prehistoric Society(Vol. 59 pp. 39-60). Cambridge University Press. Bird et al. 2022
Pta-5238 NA charcoal NA NA 8780±30 BP 9900–9685 cal BP Whitelaw G. 1991. Precolonial iron production around Durban and in southern Natal.Southern African Humanities3(10) pp.29-39. Bird et al. 2022
UGAMS-8973 NA charcoal NA NA 650±20 BP 660–560 cal BP Roberts P. Lee-Thorp J.A. Mitchell P.J. and Arthur C. 2013. Stable carbon isotopic evidence for climate change across the late Pleistocene to early Holocene from Lesotho southern Africa.Journal of Quaternary Science28(4) pp.360-369. Bird et al. 2022
UGAMS-8974 NA charcoal NA NA 8690±30 BP 9690–9548 cal BP Roberts P. Lee-Thorp J.A. Mitchell P.J. and Arthur C. 2013. Stable carbon isotopic evidence for climate change across the late Pleistocene to early Holocene from Lesotho southern Africa.Journal of Quaternary Science28(4) pp.360-369. Bird et al. 2022
UGAMS-8975 NA charcoal NA NA 9420±30 BP 10710–10575 cal BP Roberts P. Lee-Thorp J.A. Mitchell P.J. and Arthur C. 2013. Stable carbon isotopic evidence for climate change across the late Pleistocene to early Holocene from Lesotho southern Africa.Journal of Quaternary Science28(4) pp.360-369. Bird et al. 2022
UGAMS-8976 NA charcoal NA NA 9150±30 BP 10401–10235 cal BP Roberts P. Lee-Thorp J.A. Mitchell P.J. and Arthur C. 2013. Stable carbon isotopic evidence for climate change across the late Pleistocene to early Holocene from Lesotho southern Africa.Journal of Quaternary Science28(4) pp.360-369. Bird et al. 2022
UGAMS-8977 NA charcoal NA NA 8790±30 BP 9905–9687 cal BP Roberts P. Lee-Thorp J.A. Mitchell P.J. and Arthur C. 2013. Stable carbon isotopic evidence for climate change across the late Pleistocene to early Holocene from Lesotho southern Africa.Journal of Quaternary Science28(4) pp.360-369. Bird et al. 2022
UGAMS-8978 NA charcoal NA NA 9530±30 BP 11070–10704 cal BP Roberts P. Lee-Thorp J.A. Mitchell P.J. and Arthur C. 2013. Stable carbon isotopic evidence for climate change across the late Pleistocene to early Holocene from Lesotho southern Africa.Journal of Quaternary Science28(4) pp.360-369. Bird et al. 2022
UGAMS-8979 NA charcoal NA NA 9650±30 BP 11182–10811 cal BP Roberts P. Lee-Thorp J.A. Mitchell P.J. and Arthur C. 2013. Stable carbon isotopic evidence for climate change across the late Pleistocene to early Holocene from Lesotho southern Africa.Journal of Quaternary Science28(4) pp.360-369. Bird et al. 2022

typological date Typological dates (0)

Classification Estimated age References

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references 

@misc{SARD,
  
}
@misc{Roberts P. Lee-Thorp J.A. Mitchell P.J. and Arthur C. 2013. Stable carbon isotopic evidence for climate change across the late Pleistocene to early Holocene from Lesotho southern Africa.Journal of Quaternary Science28(4) pp.360-369.,
  
}
@misc{Mitchell P. and Arthur C. 2014. Ha Makotoko: Later Stone Age Occupation across the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition in Western Lesotho.Journal of African Archaeology12(2) pp.205-232.,
  
}
@misc{Mitchell P. and Arthur C. 2012. The archaeology of the Metolong Dam Lesotho. The Digging Stick 29: 1–5,
  
}
@misc{Birel S.  2015. Environmental Archaeology 20: 30-40. Vukosavljevid N. A C T A A R C H A E O L O G I C A C A R P A T H I C A VOL. LII 2017: 5-21.,
  
}
@misc{Van der Ryst M.M. 1998.The Waterberg Plateau in the Northern Province Republic of South Africa in the Later Stone Age(Vol. 715). British Archaeological Reports International Series.,
  
}
@misc{Mitchell P.J. 1993. Archaeological Investigations at two Lesotho Rock-shelters: Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Assemblages from Ha Makotoko and Ntloana Tsoana. InProceedings of the Prehistoric Society(Vol. 59 pp. 39-60). Cambridge University Press.,
  
}
@misc{Whitelaw G. 1991. Precolonial iron production around Durban and in southern Natal.Southern African Humanities3(10) pp.29-39.,
  
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}

{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Roberts P. Lee-Thorp J.A. Mitchell P.J. and Arthur C. 2013. Stable carbon isotopic evidence for climate change across the late Pleistocene to early Holocene from Lesotho southern Africa.Journal of Quaternary Science28(4) pp.360-369.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mitchell P. and Arthur C. 2014. Ha Makotoko: Later Stone Age Occupation across the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition in Western Lesotho.Journal of African Archaeology12(2) pp.205-232.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mitchell P. and Arthur C. 2012. The archaeology of the Metolong Dam Lesotho. The Digging Stick 29: 1–5","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Birel S.  2015. Environmental Archaeology 20: 30-40. Vukosavljevid N. A C T A A R C H A E O L O G I C A C A R P A T H I C A VOL. LII 2017: 5-21.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Van der Ryst M.M. 1998.The Waterberg Plateau in the Northern Province Republic of South Africa in the Later Stone Age(Vol. 715). British Archaeological Reports International Series.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mitchell P.J. 1993. Archaeological Investigations at two Lesotho Rock-shelters: Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Assemblages from Ha Makotoko and Ntloana Tsoana. InProceedings of the Prehistoric Society(Vol. 59 pp. 39-60). Cambridge University Press.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Whitelaw G. 1991. Precolonial iron production around Durban and in southern Natal.Southern African Humanities3(10) pp.29-39.","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Roberts P. Lee-Thorp J.A. Mitchell P.J. and Arthur C. 2013. Stable carbon
  isotopic evidence for climate change across the late Pleistocene to early Holocene
  from Lesotho southern Africa.Journal of Quaternary Science28(4) pp.360-369.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Mitchell P. and Arthur C. 2014. Ha Makotoko: Later Stone Age Occupation
  across the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition in Western Lesotho.Journal of African
  Archaeology12(2) pp.205-232.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Mitchell P. and Arthur C. 2012. The archaeology of the Metolong Dam
  Lesotho. The Digging Stick 29: 1–5'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Birel S.  2015. Environmental Archaeology 20: 30-40. Vukosavljevid N.
  A C T A A R C H A E O L O G I C A C A R P A T H I C A VOL. LII 2017: 5-21.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Van der Ryst M.M. 1998.The Waterberg Plateau in the Northern Province
  Republic of South Africa in the Later Stone Age(Vol. 715). British Archaeological
  Reports International Series.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Mitchell P.J. 1993. Archaeological Investigations at two Lesotho Rock-shelters:
  Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Assemblages from Ha Makotoko and Ntloana Tsoana.
  InProceedings of the Prehistoric Society(Vol. 59 pp. 39-60). Cambridge University
  Press.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Whitelaw G. 1991. Precolonial iron production around Durban and in southern
  Natal.Southern African Humanities3(10) pp.29-39.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog