Tsindi Ruins (Lekkerwater Ruins)

Site type

Location

Coordinates (degrees): 018.100° S, 031.710° E
Coordinates (DMS): 018° 06' 00" E, 031° 42' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166): Zimbabwe (ZW)

Lab ID	Context	Material	Taxon	Method	Uncalibrated age	Calibrated age	References
Pta-899	NA	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	810±50 BP	898–665 cal BP	rudd1984elr
Pta-900	NA	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	560±50 BP	649–510 cal BP	rudd1984elr
Pta-903	NA	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	620±50 BP	665–542 cal BP	rudd1984elr
SR-108	NA	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	560±120 BP	724–316 cal BP	rudd1984elr
SR-109	NA	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	650±120 BP	901–342 cal BP	rudd1984elr
SR-124	NA	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	440±90 BP	635–301 cal BP	rudd1984elr
SR-170	NA	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	1040±90 BP	1176–736 cal BP	rudd1984elr
SR-181	NA	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	835±95 BP	952–566 cal BP	rudd1984elr
SR-182	NA	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	370±90 BP	551–150 cal BP	rudd1984elr
SR-184	NA	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	365±105 BP	623–141 cal BP	rudd1984elr
SR-194	NA	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	705±65 BP	730–551 cal BP	rudd1984elr
Pta-899	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	810±50 BP	898–665 cal BP	Manyanga M. 2006.Resilient Landscapes: socio-environmental dynamics in the Shashi-Limpopo Basin southern Zimbabwe c. AD 800 to the present(Doctoral dissertation Uppsala University). Bird et al. 2022
Pta-900	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	560±50 BP	649–510 cal BP	Manyanga M. 2006.Resilient Landscapes: socio-environmental dynamics in the Shashi-Limpopo Basin southern Zimbabwe c. AD 800 to the present(Doctoral dissertation Uppsala University). Bird et al. 2022
Pta-903	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	620±50 BP	665–542 cal BP	Mitchell P. Plug I. Bailey G. Charles R. Esterhuysen A. Thorp J.L. Parker A. and Woodborne S. 2011. Beyond the drip-line: a high-resolution open-air Holocene hunter-gatherer sequence from highland Lesotho.Antiquity85(330) pp.1225-1242. Bird et al. 2022
SR-108	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	560±120 BP	724–316 cal BP	Rudd S. 1984. Excavations at Lekkerwater Ruins Tsindi Hill Theydon Zimbabwe.The South African Archaeological Bulletin 39 pp.83-105. Bird et al. 2022
SR-109	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	650±120 BP	901–342 cal BP	Cooke C.K. 1963. Report on excavations at Pomongwe and Tshangula Caves Matopo Hills Southern Rhodesia.The South African Archaeological Bulletin18(71) pp.73-151. Bird et al. 2022
SR-124	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	440±90 BP	635–301 cal BP	Cooke C.K. 1963. Report on excavations at Pomongwe and Tshangula Caves Matopo Hills Southern Rhodesia.The South African Archaeological Bulletin18(71) pp.73-151. Bird et al. 2022
SR-170	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	1040±90 BP	1176–736 cal BP	Sheppard J.G. and Swart E. 1971. Rhodesian radiocarbon measurements IV.Radiocarbon13(2) pp.420-431. Bird et al. 2022
SR-181	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	835±95 BP	952–566 cal BP	Rudd S. 1984. Excavations at Lekkerwater Ruins Tsindi Hill Theydon Zimbabwe.The South African Archaeological Bulletin 39 pp.83-105. Bird et al. 2022
SR-182	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	370±90 BP	551–150 cal BP	Rudd S. 1984. Excavations at Lekkerwater Ruins Tsindi Hill Theydon Zimbabwe.The South African Archaeological Bulletin 39 pp.83-105. Bird et al. 2022

Classification	Estimated age	References
Iron Age	NA	rudd1984elr
Early Iron Age	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	rudd1984elr
Later Iron Age	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	rudd1984elr
Later Iron Age	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	rudd1984elr
Later Iron Age	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	rudd1984elr
Later Iron Age	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	rudd1984elr
Later Iron Age	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	rudd1984elr
Early Iron Age	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	rudd1984elr
Early Iron Age	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	rudd1984elr
Later Iron Age	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	rudd1984elr
Later Iron Age	NA	NA

Bibliographic references

No bibliographic information available. [rudd1984elr]
No bibliographic information available. [Huffman TN. 2007. Handbook to the Iron Age: The archaeology of pre-colonial farming societies in southern Africa. University of KwaZulu Natal Press Pietermaritzberg]
No bibliographic information available. [Mitchell P. Plug I. Bailey G. Charles R. Esterhuysen A. Thorp J.L. Parker A. and Woodborne S. 2011. Beyond the drip-line: a high-resolution open-air Holocene hunter-gatherer sequence from highland Lesotho.Antiquity85(330) pp.1225-1242.]
No bibliographic information available. [Cooke C.K. 1963. Report on excavations at Pomongwe and Tshangula Caves Matopo Hills Southern Rhodesia.The South African Archaeological Bulletin18(71) pp.73-151.]
No bibliographic information available. [Manyanga M. 2006.Resilient Landscapes: socio-environmental dynamics in the Shashi-Limpopo Basin southern Zimbabwe c. AD 800 to the present(Doctoral dissertation Uppsala University).]
No bibliographic information available. [Rudd S. 1984. Excavations at Lekkerwater Ruins Tsindi Hill Theydon Zimbabwe.The South African Archaeological Bulletin 39 pp.83-105.]
No bibliographic information available. [Sheppard J.G. and Swart E. 1971. Rhodesian radiocarbon measurements IV.Radiocarbon13(2) pp.420-431.]
Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]
https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database [SARD]

@misc{rudd1984elr,
  
}
@misc{Huffman TN. 2007. Handbook to the Iron Age: The archaeology of pre-colonial farming societies in southern Africa. University of KwaZulu Natal Press Pietermaritzberg,
  
}
@misc{Mitchell P. Plug I. Bailey G. Charles R. Esterhuysen A. Thorp J.L. Parker A. and Woodborne S. 2011. Beyond the drip-line: a high-resolution open-air Holocene hunter-gatherer sequence from highland Lesotho.Antiquity85(330) pp.1225-1242.,
  
}
@misc{Cooke C.K. 1963. Report on excavations at Pomongwe and Tshangula Caves Matopo Hills Southern Rhodesia.The South African Archaeological Bulletin18(71) pp.73-151.,
  
}
@misc{Manyanga M. 2006.Resilient Landscapes: socio-environmental dynamics in the Shashi-Limpopo Basin southern Zimbabwe c. AD 800 to the present(Doctoral dissertation Uppsala University).,
  
}
@misc{Rudd S. 1984. Excavations at Lekkerwater Ruins Tsindi Hill Theydon Zimbabwe.The South African Archaeological Bulletin 39 pp.83-105.,
  
}
@misc{Sheppard J.G. and Swart E. 1971. Rhodesian radiocarbon measurements IV.Radiocarbon13(2) pp.420-431.,
  
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}

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---
:bibtex_key: rudd1984elr
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Huffman TN. 2007. Handbook to the Iron Age: The archaeology of pre-colonial
  farming societies in southern Africa. University of KwaZulu Natal Press Pietermaritzberg'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Mitchell P. Plug I. Bailey G. Charles R. Esterhuysen A. Thorp J.L. Parker
  A. and Woodborne S. 2011. Beyond the drip-line: a high-resolution open-air Holocene
  hunter-gatherer sequence from highland Lesotho.Antiquity85(330) pp.1225-1242.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Cooke C.K. 1963. Report on excavations at Pomongwe and Tshangula Caves
  Matopo Hills Southern Rhodesia.The South African Archaeological Bulletin18(71) pp.73-151.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Manyanga M. 2006.Resilient Landscapes: socio-environmental dynamics
  in the Shashi-Limpopo Basin southern Zimbabwe c. AD 800 to the present(Doctoral
  dissertation Uppsala University).'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rudd S. 1984. Excavations at Lekkerwater Ruins Tsindi Hill Theydon Zimbabwe.The
  South African Archaeological Bulletin 39 pp.83-105.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Sheppard J.G. and Swart E. 1971. Rhodesian radiocarbon measurements IV.Radiocarbon13(2)
  pp.420-431.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"

Changelog

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR

XRONOS development team 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC

Location

Linked Data

Radiocarbon dates (22)

Typological dates (22)

Bibliographic references

Changelog

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR