Spoeg River Cave
Archaeological site
in South Africa
Record created in XRONOS on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC.
Last updated on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC.
See changelog for details.
Contributors: XRONOS development team
Contributors: XRONOS development team
Location
- Coordinates (degrees)
- 030.294° S, 017.272° E
- Coordinates (DMS)
- 030° 17' 00" E, 017° 16' 00" S
- Country (ISO 3166)
- South Africa (ZA)
Linked Data
There is no linked data available for this record.
Radiocarbon dates
(28)
| Lab ID | Context | Material | Taxon | Method | Uncalibrated age | Calibrated age | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GrA-0930 | Layer 9, GAS 2, C4 | bone | Ovis aries | AMS | 1490±50 BP | 1515–1297 cal BP | webley2002esc |
| GrA-9027 | Layer 7, YBS, D6 | bone | Ovis aries | AMS | 1260±50 BP | 1286–1070 cal BP | webley2002esc |
| GrA-9028 | Layer 10,SAS, C6 | bone | Ovis aries | AMS | 1900±50 BP | 1935–1709 cal BP | webley2002esc |
| GrA-9029 | Layer 9, GAS2 C6 | bone | Ovis aries | AMS | 1890±50 BP | 1930–1704 cal BP | webley2002esc |
| GrA-9032 | Layer 10,SAS C6, 60-67 cm | bone | Ovis aries | AMS | 1900±50 BP | 1935–1709 cal BP | webley2002esc |
| OxA-3862 | FBS (?Layers 7-9 of 1994 dig) | bone | Ovis aries | AMS | 2105±65 BP | 2308–1890 cal BP | sealy1994cip |
| Pta-4745 | Hearth 12 above FBS andShelly Patch 91 cm | NA | conventional 14C | 1920±40 BP | 1935–1732 cal BP | vogel1997dis; webley1992hap | |
| Pta-4753 | C9, Hearth 3 in Twiggy 20 cm | NA | conventional 14C | 1390±50 BP | 1378–1177 cal BP | vogel1997dis; webley1992hap | |
| Pta-6334 | C9, Patella 45 cm | marine other | Jasus lalandii | conventional 14C | 2020±60 BP | 2142–1797 cal BP | vogel1997dis; webley1992hap |
| Pta-6749 | Layer 6b, Twiggy 6, C6, 40-50 cm | NA | conventional 14C | 1930±50 BP | 1985–1734 cal BP | vogel1997dis; webley1992hap | |
| Pta-6750 | Layer 4, CST, C6, 12-15 cm | NA | conventional 14C | 1450±50 BP | 1410–1285 cal BP | vogel1997dis; webley1992hap | |
| Pta-6754 | Layer 13 Hearth 34, D5, 50 cm/60-100 cm | NA | conventional 14C | 3520±50 BP | 3960–3645 cal BP | vogel1997dis; webley1992hap | |
| Pta-6987 | Layer 12, BSB2, D5, 50 cm | NA | conventional 14C | 3580±60 BP | 4080–3698 cal BP | webley2002esc | |
| Pta-7200 | Layer 10,SAS C6, 60-67 cm | NA | conventional 14C | 2400±25 BP | 2665–2350 cal BP | vogel1997dis; webley1992hap | |
| GrA-0930 | bone | NA | NA | 1490±50 BP | 1515–1297 cal BP | SARD Bird et al. 2022 | |
| GrA-9027 | bone | NA | NA | 1260±50 BP | 1286–1070 cal BP | Webley L 2002. The re-excavation of Spoegrivier Cave on the west coast of South Africa. Annals of the Eastern Cape Museums 2:19–49. Bird et al. 2022 | |
| GrA-9028 | bone | NA | NA | 1900±50 BP | 1935–1709 cal BP | Webley L 2002. The re-excavation of Spoegrivier Cave on the west coast of South Africa. Annals of the Eastern Cape Museums 2:19–49. Bird et al. 2022 | |
| GrA-9029 | bone | NA | NA | 1890±50 BP | 1930–1704 cal BP | Webley L 2002. The re-excavation of Spoegrivier Cave on the west coast of South Africa. Annals of the Eastern Cape Museums 2:19–49. Bird et al. 2022 | |
| GrA-9032 | bone | NA | NA | 1900±50 BP | 1935–1709 cal BP | Weiser W. 1996. Eraul 76:: 105-113. Antl. W. : www.iabrno.cz/pv/antl.pdf. Walpurga A. Quaternary Science Journal 62 / 2: 2013 / 120-126 . Bird et al. 2022 | |
| OxA-3862 | bone | NA | NA | 2105±65 BP | 2308–1890 cal BP | Hedges R.E.M. Housley R.A. Ramsey C.B. and Van Klinken G.J. 1994. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 18.Archaeometry36(2) pp.337-374. Bird et al. 2022 |
Typological dates
(28)
Bibliographic references
- No bibliographic information available. [webley2002esc]
- No bibliographic information available. [sealy1994cip]
- No bibliographic information available. [vogel1997dis; webley1992hap]
- No bibliographic information available. [SARD]
- No bibliographic information available. [Webley L 2002. The re-excavation of Spoegrivier Cave on the west coast of South Africa. Annals of the Eastern Cape Museums 2:19–49.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Weiser W. 1996. Eraul 76:: 105-113. Antl. W. : www.iabrno.cz/pv/antl.pdf. Walpurga A. Quaternary Science Journal 62 / 2: 2013 / 120-126 .]
- No bibliographic information available. [Hedges R.E.M. Housley R.A. Ramsey C.B. and Van Klinken G.J. 1994. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 18.Archaeometry36(2) pp.337-374.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Villa P. Soriano S. Tsanova T. Degano I. Higham T.F. d’Errico F. Backwell L. Lucejko J.J. Colombini M.P. and Beaumont P.B. 2012. Border cave and the beginning of the later stone age in South Africa.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences109(33) pp.13208-13213.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Kaplan J. and Mitchell P. 2012. The archaeology of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project Phases IA and IB.Southern African Humanities24(1) pp.1-32.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Sealy J. Ludwig B. and Henderson Z. 2006. New radiocarbon dates for Matjes River rock shelter.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.98-101.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117]
- https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database [SARD]
- Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]
@misc{webley2002esc,
}
@misc{sealy1994cip,
}
@misc{vogel1997dis; webley1992hap,
}
@misc{SARD,
}
@misc{Webley L 2002. The re-excavation of Spoegrivier Cave on the west coast of South Africa. Annals of the Eastern Cape Museums 2:19–49.,
}
@misc{Weiser W. 1996. Eraul 76:: 105-113. Antl. W. : www.iabrno.cz/pv/antl.pdf. Walpurga A. Quaternary Science Journal 62 / 2: 2013 / 120-126 .,
}
@misc{Hedges R.E.M. Housley R.A. Ramsey C.B. and Van Klinken G.J. 1994. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 18.Archaeometry36(2) pp.337-374.,
}
@misc{Villa P. Soriano S. Tsanova T. Degano I. Higham T.F. d’Errico F. Backwell L. Lucejko J.J. Colombini M.P. and Beaumont P.B. 2012. Border cave and the beginning of the later stone age in South Africa.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences109(33) pp.13208-13213.,
}
@misc{Kaplan J. and Mitchell P. 2012. The archaeology of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project Phases IA and IB.Southern African Humanities24(1) pp.1-32.,
}
@misc{Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.,
}
@misc{Sealy J. Ludwig B. and Henderson Z. 2006. New radiocarbon dates for Matjes River rock shelter.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.98-101.,
}
@misc{Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117,
}
@misc{SARD,
url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
year = {2022},
month = {jan},
journal = {Scientific Data},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {27},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2052-4463},
doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
langid = {english},
keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"webley2002esc","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"sealy1994cip","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"vogel1997dis; webley1992hap","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Webley L 2002. The re-excavation of Spoegrivier Cave on the west coast of South Africa. Annals of the Eastern Cape Museums 2:19–49.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Weiser W. 1996. Eraul 76:: 105-113. Antl. W. : www.iabrno.cz/pv/antl.pdf. Walpurga A. Quaternary Science Journal 62 / 2: 2013 / 120-126 .","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Hedges R.E.M. Housley R.A. Ramsey C.B. and Van Klinken G.J. 1994. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 18.Archaeometry36(2) pp.337-374.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Villa P. Soriano S. Tsanova T. Degano I. Higham T.F. d’Errico F. Backwell L. Lucejko J.J. Colombini M.P. and Beaumont P.B. 2012. Border cave and the beginning of the later stone age in South Africa.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences109(33) pp.13208-13213.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kaplan J. and Mitchell P. 2012. The archaeology of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project Phases IA and IB.Southern African Humanities24(1) pp.1-32.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Sealy J. Ludwig B. and Henderson Z. 2006. New radiocarbon dates for Matjes River rock shelter.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.98-101.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]---
:bibtex_key: webley2002esc
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: sealy1994cip
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: vogel1997dis; webley1992hap
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Webley L 2002. The re-excavation of Spoegrivier Cave on the west coast
of South Africa. Annals of the Eastern Cape Museums 2:19–49.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Weiser W. 1996. Eraul 76:: 105-113. Antl. W. : www.iabrno.cz/pv/antl.pdf.
Walpurga A. Quaternary Science Journal 62 / 2: 2013 / 120-126 .'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Hedges R.E.M. Housley R.A. Ramsey C.B. and Van Klinken G.J. 1994. Radiocarbon
dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 18.Archaeometry36(2) pp.337-374.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Villa P. Soriano S. Tsanova T. Degano I. Higham T.F. d’Errico F. Backwell
L. Lucejko J.J. Colombini M.P. and Beaumont P.B. 2012. Border cave and the beginning
of the later stone age in South Africa.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences109(33)
pp.13208-13213.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Kaplan J. and Mitchell P. 2012. The archaeology of the Lesotho Highlands
Water Project Phases IA and IB.Southern African Humanities24(1) pp.1-32.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo
Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Sealy J. Ludwig B. and Henderson Z. 2006. New radiocarbon dates for Matjes
River rock shelter.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.98-101.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III.
Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
:url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
:note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
:bibtex_type: :article
:title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
:author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
Jacob}"
:year: "{2022}"
:month: "{jan}"
:journal: "{Scientific Data}"
:volume: "{9}"
:number: "{1}"
:pages: "{27}"
:publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
:issn: "{2052-4463}"
:doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
:abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
:copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
:langid: "{english}"
:keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
:month_numeric: "{1}"