Site type

Location

200 m
Leaflet Tiles © Esri — Source: Esri, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, GeoEye, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, UPR-EGP, and the GIS User Community
Coordinates (degrees)
029.750° S, 028.750° E
Coordinates (DMS)
029° 45' 00" E, 028° 45' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166)
Lesotho (LS)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (116)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
OxA-32925 RF charcoal NA AMS 12355±50 BP 14825–14138 cal BP pargeter2017ssi
OxA-32926 RF charcoal NA AMS 12010±50 BP 14026–13795 cal BP pargeter2017ssi
Pta-6057 SA NA conventional 14C 9740±140 BP 11681–10662 cal BP mitchell1996qlh
Pta-6058 CLBRF NA conventional 14C 12470±100 BP 15068–14205 cal BP mitchell1996qlh
Pta-6059 MOS NA conventional 14C 20500±230 BP 25235–24070 cal BP mitchell1994uta
Pta-6060 BAS NA conventional 14C 15700±150 BP 19355–18734 cal BP mitchell1996qlh
Pta-6062 RBL NA conventional 14C 12410±45 BP 14856–14275 cal BP mitchell1996qlh
Pta-6063 GAP NA conventional 14C 1710±20 BP 1692–1543 cal BP mitchell1996qlh
Pta-6065 BARF NA conventional 14C 11090±230 BP 13457–12629 cal BP mitchell1996qlh
Pta-6072 ALP NA conventional 14C 7210±80 BP 8185–7863 cal BP mitchell1996qlh
Pta-6077 BAS NA conventional 14C 20200±100 BP 24553–23950 cal BP mitchell1996qlh
Pta-6083 ALP NA conventional 14C 7010±70 BP 7956–7693 cal BP mitchell1996qlh
Pta-6084 GAP NA conventional 14C 1240±50 BP 1285–1060 cal BP mitchell1996qlh
Pta-6154 GWA NA conventional 14C 5950±70 BP 6955–6629 cal BP mitchell1996qlh
Pta-6268 RFS NA conventional 14C 26000±430 BP 31042–29323 cal BP mitchell1994uta
Pta-6271 RFS NA conventional 14C 25100±300 BP 29975–28805 cal BP mitchell1994uta
Pta-6278 ALP NA conventional 14C 7150±80 BP 8170–7794 cal BP mitchell1996qlh
Pta-6280 ALP NA conventional 14C 7090±80 BP 8029–7720 cal BP mitchell1996qlh
Pta-6281 BAS NA conventional 14C 19400±200 BP 23780–23000 cal BP mitchell1996qlh
Pta-6282 RF NA conventional 14C 12180±110 BP 14804–13794 cal BP mitchell1996qlh

typological date Typological dates (116)

Classification Estimated age References
LSA NA fewlass2020ced
Ceramic LSA NA NA
MSA NA loftus2015sie
NA NA
MSA NA loftus2015sie
Final MSA NA NA
MSA NA loftus2015sie
Final MSA NA NA
MSA NA loftus2015sie
Final MSA NA NA
MSA NA loftus2015sie
Final MSA NA NA
MSA NA loftus2015sie
Final MSA NA NA
MSA NA loftus2015sie
Final MSA NA NA
MSA NA loftus2015sie
Final MSA NA NA
MSA NA loftus2015sie
Final MSA NA NA

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references

@misc{fewlass2020ced,
  
}
@misc{loftus2015sie,
  
}
@misc{pargeter2017ssi,
  
}
@misc{mitchell1996qlh,
  
}
@misc{mitchell1994uta,
  
}
@misc{carter1988sml,
  
}
@misc{carter1974dia,
  
}
@misc{horsburgh2016rkd,
  
}
@misc{Fewlass H. Mitchell P.J. Casanova E. and Cramp L.J. 2020. Chemical evidence of dairying by hunter-gatherers in highland Lesotho in the late first millennium ad.Nature Human Behaviour pp.1-9.,
  
}
@misc{Oxford Date List 14,
  
}
@misc{Loftus E. Stewart B.A. Dewar G. and Lee‐Thorp J. 2015. Stable isotope evidence of late MIS 3 to middle Holocene palaeoenvironments from Sehonghong Rockshelter eastern Lesotho.Journal of Quaternary Science30(8) pp.805-816.,
  
}
@misc{Bailey G.1997. Klithi; McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research Cambridge.,
  
}
@misc{Pargeter J. Loftus E. and Mitchell P. 2017. New ages from Sehonghong rock shelter: Implications for the late Pleistocene occupation of highland Lesotho.Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports12 pp.307-315.,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  
}
@misc{Mitchell P.J. 1996. The late Quaternary of the Lesotho Highlands southern Africa: Preliminary results and future potential of ongoing research at Sehonghong shelter.Quaternary International33 pp.35-43.,
  
}
@misc{Mitchell P.J. 1994. Understanding the MSA/LSA transition: the pre-20 000 BP assemblages from new excavations at Sehonghong Rock Shelter Lesotho.Southern African Field Archaeology3 pp.15-25.,
  
}
@misc{Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.,
  
}
@misc{Sampson C.G. and Vogel J.C. 1995. Radiocarbon chronology of Later Stone Age pottery decorations in the upper Seacow Valley.Southern African Field Archaeology4(2) pp.84-94.,
  
}
@misc{Jerardino AMS. 1996.Changing social landscapes of the western Cape coast of southern Africa over the last 4500 years(Doctoral dissertation University of Cape Town).,
  
}
@misc{Wadley L. 2001. Who Lived in Mauermanshoek Shelter Korannaberg South Africaà.African Archaeological Review18(3) pp.153-179.,
  
}
@misc{Pistorius J.C. Badenhorst S. and Plug I. 2001. Late Iron Age sites on Mmatshetshele Mountain in the Central Bankeveld of the North West Province South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin 56 pp.46-56.,
  
}
@misc{Mitchell P. Plug I. Bailey G. Charles R. Esterhuysen A. Thorp J.L. Parker A. and Woodborne S. 2011. Beyond the drip-line: a high-resolution open-air Holocene hunter-gatherer sequence from highland Lesotho.Antiquity85(330) pp.1225-1242.,
  
}
@misc{Parkington J. Fisher Jr J.W. and Tonner T.W. 2009.  The fires are constant the shelters are whims: A feature map of Later Stone Age campsites at the Dunefield Midden site Western Cape province South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.104-121.,
  
}
@misc{Nienaber W.C. and Steyn M. 2005. The rescue excavation and analysis of human remains from Hoekfontein North West Province South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.1-9.,
  
}
@misc{Carter P.L. and Vogel J.C. 1974. The dating of industrial assemblages from stratified sites in eastern Lesotho.Man9(4) pp.557-570.,
  
}
@misc{Wood M. Dussubieux L. and Wadley L. 2009. A cache of∼ 5000 glass beads from the Sibudu Cave Iron Age occupation.Southern African Humanities21(1) pp.239-261.,
  
}
@misc{Carter P.L. Mitchell P.J. and Vinnicombe P. 1988. Sehonghong: The Middle and Later Stone Age industrial sequence at a Lesotho rockshelter. British Archaeological Reports International Series.,
  
}
@misc{Radiocarbon 1960 63,
  
}
@misc{Horsburgh K.A. Moreno-Mayar J.V. and Gosling A.L. 2016. Revisiting the Kalahari debate in the highlands: ancient DNA provides new faunal identifications at Sehonghong Lesotho.Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa51(3) pp.295-306.,
  
}
@article{Jorgensen2020,
  title = {The Palaeodemographic and Environmental Dynamics of Prehistoric Arctic Norway: An Overview of Human-Climate Covariation},
  shorttitle = {The Palaeodemographic and Environmental Dynamics of Prehistoric Arctic Norway},
  author = {Jørgensen, Erlend Kirkeng},
  date = {2020-05-30},
  journaltitle = {Quaternary International},
  shortjournal = {Quaternary International},
  series = {Long-Term Perspectives on Circumpolar Social-Ecological Systems},
  volume = {549},
  pages = {36–51},
  issn = {1040-6182},
  doi = {10.1016/j.quaint.2018.05.014},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618217315124},
  urldate = {2023-09-07},
  abstract = {This paper presents the first palaeodemographic results of a newly assembled region-wide radiocarbon record of the Arctic regions of northern Norway. The dataset contains a comprehensive collection of radiocarbon dates in the area (N\,= 1205) and spans the 10,000-year period of hunter-gatherer settlement history from 11500 to 1500 cal BP. Utilizing local, high-resolution palaeoclimate data, the paper performs multi-proxy correlation testing of climate and demographic dynamics, looking for hunter-gatherer responses to climate variability. The paper compares both long-term climate trends and short-term disruptive climate events with the demographic development in the region. The results demonstrate marked demographic fluctuations throughout the period, characterized by a general increase, punctuated by three significant boom and bust-cycles centred on 6000, 3800 and 2200 cal BP, interpreted as instances of climate forcing of human demographic responses. The results strongly suggest the North Cape Current as a primary driver in the local environment and supports the patterns of covariance between coastal climate proxies and the palaeodemographic model. A mechanism of climate forcing mediation through marine trophic webs is proposed as a tentative explanation of the observed demographic fluxes, and a comparison with inter-regional results demonstrate remarkable similarity in demographic trends across mid-Holocene north and west Europe. The results of the north Norwegian radiocarbon record are thus consistent with independent, international efforts, corroborating the existing pan-European results and help further substantiate super-regional climate variability as the primary driver of population dynamics regardless of economic adaptation.},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Human ecology,Human/climate covariation,Northern Norway,Palaeodemographic modelling,Summed probability distribution (SPD)}
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"fewlass2020ced","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"loftus2015sie","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"pargeter2017ssi","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"mitchell1996qlh","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"mitchell1994uta","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"carter1988sml","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"carter1974dia","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"horsburgh2016rkd","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Fewlass H. Mitchell P.J. Casanova E. and Cramp L.J. 2020. Chemical evidence of dairying by hunter-gatherers in highland Lesotho in the late first millennium ad.Nature Human Behaviour pp.1-9.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Oxford Date List 14","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Loftus E. Stewart B.A. Dewar G. and Lee‐Thorp J. 2015. Stable isotope evidence of late MIS 3 to middle Holocene palaeoenvironments from Sehonghong Rockshelter eastern Lesotho.Journal of Quaternary Science30(8) pp.805-816.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Bailey G.1997. Klithi; McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research Cambridge.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Pargeter J. Loftus E. and Mitchell P. 2017. New ages from Sehonghong rock shelter: Implications for the late Pleistocene occupation of highland Lesotho.Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports12 pp.307-315.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mitchell P.J. 1996. The late Quaternary of the Lesotho Highlands southern Africa: Preliminary results and future potential of ongoing research at Sehonghong shelter.Quaternary International33 pp.35-43.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mitchell P.J. 1994. Understanding the MSA/LSA transition: the pre-20 000 BP assemblages from new excavations at Sehonghong Rock Shelter Lesotho.Southern African Field Archaeology3 pp.15-25.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Sampson C.G. and Vogel J.C. 1995. Radiocarbon chronology of Later Stone Age pottery decorations in the upper Seacow Valley.Southern African Field Archaeology4(2) pp.84-94.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Jerardino AMS. 1996.Changing social landscapes of the western Cape coast of southern Africa over the last 4500 years(Doctoral dissertation University of Cape Town).","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Wadley L. 2001. Who Lived in Mauermanshoek Shelter Korannaberg South Africaà.African Archaeological Review18(3) pp.153-179.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Pistorius J.C. Badenhorst S. and Plug I. 2001. Late Iron Age sites on Mmatshetshele Mountain in the Central Bankeveld of the North West Province South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin 56 pp.46-56.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mitchell P. Plug I. Bailey G. Charles R. Esterhuysen A. Thorp J.L. Parker A. and Woodborne S. 2011. Beyond the drip-line: a high-resolution open-air Holocene hunter-gatherer sequence from highland Lesotho.Antiquity85(330) pp.1225-1242.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Parkington J. Fisher Jr J.W. and Tonner T.W. 2009.  The fires are constant the shelters are whims: A feature map of Later Stone Age campsites at the Dunefield Midden site Western Cape province South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.104-121.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Nienaber W.C. and Steyn M. 2005. The rescue excavation and analysis of human remains from Hoekfontein North West Province South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.1-9.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Carter P.L. and Vogel J.C. 1974. The dating of industrial assemblages from stratified sites in eastern Lesotho.Man9(4) pp.557-570.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Wood M. Dussubieux L. and Wadley L. 2009. A cache of∼ 5000 glass beads from the Sibudu Cave Iron Age occupation.Southern African Humanities21(1) pp.239-261.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Carter P.L. Mitchell P.J. and Vinnicombe P. 1988. Sehonghong: The Middle and Later Stone Age industrial sequence at a Lesotho rockshelter. British Archaeological Reports International Series.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Radiocarbon 1960 63","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Horsburgh K.A. Moreno-Mayar J.V. and Gosling A.L. 2016. Revisiting the Kalahari debate in the highlands: ancient DNA provides new faunal identifications at Sehonghong Lesotho.Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa51(3) pp.295-306.","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"Jorgensen2020","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{The Palaeodemographic and Environmental Dynamics of Prehistoric Arctic Norway: An Overview of Human-Climate Covariation}","shorttitle":"{The Palaeodemographic and Environmental Dynamics of Prehistoric Arctic Norway}","author":"{Jørgensen, Erlend Kirkeng}","date":"{2020-05-30}","journaltitle":"{Quaternary International}","shortjournal":"{Quaternary International}","series":"{Long-Term Perspectives on Circumpolar Social-Ecological Systems}","volume":"{549}","pages":"{36–51}","issn":"{1040-6182}","doi":"{10.1016/j.quaint.2018.05.014}","url":"{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618217315124}","urldate":"{2023-09-07}","abstract":"{This paper presents the first palaeodemographic results of a newly assembled region-wide radiocarbon record of the Arctic regions of northern Norway. The dataset contains a comprehensive collection of radiocarbon dates in the area (N\\,= 1205) and spans the 10,000-year period of hunter-gatherer settlement history from 11500 to 1500 cal BP. Utilizing local, high-resolution palaeoclimate data, the paper performs multi-proxy correlation testing of climate and demographic dynamics, looking for hunter-gatherer responses to climate variability. The paper compares both long-term climate trends and short-term disruptive climate events with the demographic development in the region. The results demonstrate marked demographic fluctuations throughout the period, characterized by a general increase, punctuated by three significant boom and bust-cycles centred on 6000, 3800 and 2200 cal BP, interpreted as instances of climate forcing of human demographic responses. The results strongly suggest the North Cape Current as a primary driver in the local environment and supports the patterns of covariance between coastal climate proxies and the palaeodemographic model. A mechanism of climate forcing mediation through marine trophic webs is proposed as a tentative explanation of the observed demographic fluxes, and a comparison with inter-regional results demonstrate remarkable similarity in demographic trends across mid-Holocene north and west Europe. The results of the north Norwegian radiocarbon record are thus consistent with independent, international efforts, corroborating the existing pan-European results and help further substantiate super-regional climate variability as the primary driver of population dynamics regardless of economic adaptation.}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Human ecology,Human/climate covariation,Northern Norway,Palaeodemographic modelling,Summed probability distribution (SPD)}"}][{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: fewlass2020ced
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: loftus2015sie
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: pargeter2017ssi
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: mitchell1996qlh
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: mitchell1994uta
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: carter1988sml
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: carter1974dia
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: horsburgh2016rkd
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Fewlass H. Mitchell P.J. Casanova E. and Cramp L.J. 2020. Chemical evidence
  of dairying by hunter-gatherers in highland Lesotho in the late first millennium
  ad.Nature Human Behaviour pp.1-9.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Oxford Date List 14
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Loftus E. Stewart B.A. Dewar G. and Lee‐Thorp J. 2015. Stable isotope
  evidence of late MIS 3 to middle Holocene palaeoenvironments from Sehonghong Rockshelter
  eastern Lesotho.Journal of Quaternary Science30(8) pp.805-816.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Bailey G.1997. Klithi; McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research
  Cambridge.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Pargeter J. Loftus E. and Mitchell P. 2017. New ages from Sehonghong
  rock shelter: Implications for the late Pleistocene occupation of highland Lesotho.Journal
  of Archaeological Science: Reports12 pp.307-315.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Mitchell P.J. 1996. The late Quaternary of the Lesotho Highlands southern
  Africa: Preliminary results and future potential of ongoing research at Sehonghong
  shelter.Quaternary International33 pp.35-43.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Mitchell P.J. 1994. Understanding the MSA/LSA transition: the pre-20
  000 BP assemblages from new excavations at Sehonghong Rock Shelter Lesotho.Southern
  African Field Archaeology3 pp.15-25.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo
  Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Sampson C.G. and Vogel J.C. 1995. Radiocarbon chronology of Later Stone
  Age pottery decorations in the upper Seacow Valley.Southern African Field Archaeology4(2)
  pp.84-94.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Jerardino AMS. 1996.Changing social landscapes of the western Cape coast
  of southern Africa over the last 4500 years(Doctoral dissertation University of
  Cape Town).
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Wadley L. 2001. Who Lived in Mauermanshoek Shelter Korannaberg South
  Africaà.African Archaeological Review18(3) pp.153-179.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Pistorius J.C. Badenhorst S. and Plug I. 2001. Late Iron Age sites on
  Mmatshetshele Mountain in the Central Bankeveld of the North West Province South
  Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin 56 pp.46-56.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Mitchell P. Plug I. Bailey G. Charles R. Esterhuysen A. Thorp J.L. Parker
  A. and Woodborne S. 2011. Beyond the drip-line: a high-resolution open-air Holocene
  hunter-gatherer sequence from highland Lesotho.Antiquity85(330) pp.1225-1242.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Parkington J. Fisher Jr J.W. and Tonner T.W. 2009.  The fires are constant
  the shelters are whims: A feature map of Later Stone Age campsites at the Dunefield
  Midden site Western Cape province South Africa.The South African Archaeological
  Bulletin pp.104-121.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Nienaber W.C. and Steyn M. 2005. The rescue excavation and analysis of
  human remains from Hoekfontein North West Province South Africa.The South African
  Archaeological Bulletin pp.1-9.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Carter P.L. and Vogel J.C. 1974. The dating of industrial assemblages
  from stratified sites in eastern Lesotho.Man9(4) pp.557-570.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Wood M. Dussubieux L. and Wadley L. 2009. A cache of∼ 5000 glass beads
  from the Sibudu Cave Iron Age occupation.Southern African Humanities21(1) pp.239-261.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Carter P.L. Mitchell P.J. and Vinnicombe P. 1988. Sehonghong: The Middle
  and Later Stone Age industrial sequence at a Lesotho rockshelter. British Archaeological
  Reports International Series.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Radiocarbon 1960 63
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Horsburgh K.A. Moreno-Mayar J.V. and Gosling A.L. 2016. Revisiting the
  Kalahari debate in the highlands: ancient DNA provides new faunal identifications
  at Sehonghong Lesotho.Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa51(3) pp.295-306.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: Jorgensen2020
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{The Palaeodemographic and Environmental Dynamics of Prehistoric Arctic
    Norway: An Overview of Human-Climate Covariation}"
  :shorttitle: "{The Palaeodemographic and Environmental Dynamics of Prehistoric Arctic
    Norway}"
  :author: "{Jørgensen, Erlend Kirkeng}"
  :date: "{2020-05-30}"
  :journaltitle: "{Quaternary International}"
  :shortjournal: "{Quaternary International}"
  :series: "{Long-Term Perspectives on Circumpolar Social-Ecological Systems}"
  :volume: "{549}"
  :pages: "{36–51}"
  :issn: "{1040-6182}"
  :doi: "{10.1016/j.quaint.2018.05.014}"
  :url: "{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618217315124}"
  :urldate: "{2023-09-07}"
  :abstract: "{This paper presents the first palaeodemographic results of a newly
    assembled region-wide radiocarbon record of the Arctic regions of northern Norway.
    The dataset contains a comprehensive collection of radiocarbon dates in the area
    (N\\,= 1205) and spans the 10,000-year period of hunter-gatherer settlement history
    from 11500 to 1500 cal BP. Utilizing local, high-resolution palaeoclimate data,
    the paper performs multi-proxy correlation testing of climate and demographic
    dynamics, looking for hunter-gatherer responses to climate variability. The paper
    compares both long-term climate trends and short-term disruptive climate events
    with the demographic development in the region. The results demonstrate marked
    demographic fluctuations throughout the period, characterized by a general increase,
    punctuated by three significant boom and bust-cycles centred on 6000, 3800 and
    2200 cal BP, interpreted as instances of climate forcing of human demographic
    responses. The results strongly suggest the North Cape Current as a primary driver
    in the local environment and supports the patterns of covariance between coastal
    climate proxies and the palaeodemographic model. A mechanism of climate forcing
    mediation through marine trophic webs is proposed as a tentative explanation of
    the observed demographic fluxes, and a comparison with inter-regional results
    demonstrate remarkable similarity in demographic trends across mid-Holocene north
    and west Europe. The results of the north Norwegian radiocarbon record are thus
    consistent with independent, international efforts, corroborating the existing
    pan-European results and help further substantiate super-regional climate variability
    as the primary driver of population dynamics regardless of economic adaptation.}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Human ecology,Human/climate covariation,Northern Norway,Palaeodemographic
    modelling,Summed probability distribution (SPD)}"
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog