Site type

Location

Coordinates (degrees)
024.583° S, 030.633° E
Coordinates (DMS)
024° 34' 00" E, 030° 37' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166)
South Africa (ZA)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (26)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
GrN-4813 Level 7 NA conventional 14C 9940±80 BP 11705–11212 cal BP plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb
GrN-4814 14 charcoal NA conventional 14C 12090±95 BP 14200–13765 cal BP plug1981bs
GrN-4815 15/16 charcoal NA conventional 14C 12160±95 BP 14790–13791 cal BP plug1981bs
GrN-4816 16/18 charcoal NA conventional 14C 12510±105 BP 15140–14251 cal BP plug1981bs
GrN-4854 Level 5 NA conventional 14C 9510±55 BP 11080–10586 cal BP plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb
GrN-5873 16/18 NA conventional 14C 12470±145 BP 15145–14108 cal BP plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb
GrN-5874 level 2 NA conventional 14C 9570±55 BP 11145–10715 cal BP plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb
Pta-1175 14 charcoal NA conventional 14C 12310±120 BP 14940–14030 cal BP plug1981bs
Pta-1176 16 charcoal NA conventional 14C 12470±120 BP 15105–14169 cal BP plug1981bs
Pta-1177 17 charcoal NA conventional 14C 12800±75 BP 15530–15085 cal BP plug1981bs
Pta-1178 18 charcoal NA conventional 14C 12950±40 BP 15611–15345 cal BP plug1981bs
Pta-1242 19 charcoal NA conventional 14C 23900±320 BP 28756–27465 cal BP vogel1986prd
UCLA-1755 B 14 bone NA conventional 14C 27400±1600 BP 34831–28540 cal BP plug1981bs
GrN-4813 NA NA 9940±80 BP 11705–11212 cal BP Plug I. 1981. Bushman rock shelter.Guide to archaeological sites in the Northern and Eastern Transvaal pp.110-131. Bird et al. 2022
GrN-4814 charcoal NA NA 12090±95 BP 14200–13765 cal BP Plug I. 1981. Bushman rock shelter.Guide to archaeological sites in the Northern and Eastern Transvaal pp.110-131. Bird et al. 2022
GrN-4815 charcoal NA NA 12160±95 BP 14790–13791 cal BP Plug I. 1981. Bushman rock shelter.Guide to archaeological sites in the Northern and Eastern Transvaal pp.110-131. Bird et al. 2022
GrN-4816 charcoal NA NA 12510±105 BP 15140–14251 cal BP Vogel and Waterbolk 1967 128 Bird et al. 2022
GrN-4854 NA NA 9510±55 BP 11080–10586 cal BP P. Allsworth-Jones Colloque Nemours 1988 pp. 79-95 T.C. Hauck / Quaternary International 485 (2018) 150e166 Bird et al. 2022
GrN-5873 NA NA 12470±145 BP 15145–14108 cal BP SARD Bird et al. 2022
GrN-5874 NA NA 9570±55 BP 11145–10715 cal BP Çambel and Braidwood (eds.) 1980a 54 Bird et al. 2022

typological date Typological dates (26)

Classification Estimated age References
LSA NA plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb
Oakhurst NA NA
LSA NA plug1981bs
Robberg NA NA
LSA NA plug1981bs
NA NA
LSA NA plug1981bs
NA NA
LSA NA plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb
Oakhurst NA NA
LSA NA plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb
NA NA
LSA NA plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb
Oakhurst NA NA
LSA NA plug1981bs
Robberg NA NA
LSA NA plug1981bs
NA NA
MSA NA plug1981bs
NA NA

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references

@misc{plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb,
  
}
@misc{plug1981bs,
  
}
@misc{vogel1986prd,
  
}
@misc{Plug I. 1981. Bushman rock shelter.Guide to archaeological sites in the Northern and Eastern Transvaal pp.110-131.,
  
}
@misc{Vogel and Waterbolk 1967 128,
  
}
@misc{P. Allsworth-Jones Colloque Nemours 1988 pp. 79-95 T.C. Hauck  / Quaternary International 485 (2018) 150e166,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  
}
@misc{Çambel and Braidwood (eds.) 1980a 54,
  
}
@misc{Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80,
  
}
@misc{Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"plug1981bs","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"vogel1986prd","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Plug I. 1981. Bushman rock shelter.Guide to archaeological sites in the Northern and Eastern Transvaal pp.110-131.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel and Waterbolk 1967 128","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"P. Allsworth-Jones Colloque Nemours 1988 pp. 79-95 T.C. Hauck  / Quaternary International 485 (2018) 150e166","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Çambel and Braidwood (eds.) 1980a 54","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: plug1981bs
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: vogel1986prd
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Plug I. 1981. Bushman rock shelter.Guide to archaeological sites in the
  Northern and Eastern Transvaal pp.110-131.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Vogel and Waterbolk 1967 128
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: P. Allsworth-Jones Colloque Nemours 1988 pp. 79-95 T.C. Hauck  / Quaternary
  International 485 (2018) 150e166
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Çambel and Braidwood (eds.) 1980a 54
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon
  23: 43-80'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III.
  Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog