Bushman Rock Shelter
Archaeological site
in South Africa
Record created in XRONOS on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC.
Last updated on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC.
See changelog for details.
Contributors: XRONOS development team
Contributors: XRONOS development team
Location
- Coordinates (degrees)
- 024.583° S, 030.633° E
- Coordinates (DMS)
- 024° 34' 00" E, 030° 37' 00" S
- Country (ISO 3166)
- South Africa (ZA)
Linked Data
There is no linked data available for this record.
Lab ID | Context | Material | Taxon | Method | Uncalibrated age | Calibrated age | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GrN-4813 | Level 7 | NA | conventional 14C | 9940±80 BP | 11705–11212 cal BP | plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb | |
GrN-4814 | 14 | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 12090±95 BP | 14200–13765 cal BP | plug1981bs |
GrN-4815 | 15/16 | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 12160±95 BP | 14790–13791 cal BP | plug1981bs |
GrN-4816 | 16/18 | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 12510±105 BP | 15140–14251 cal BP | plug1981bs |
GrN-4854 | Level 5 | NA | conventional 14C | 9510±55 BP | 11080–10586 cal BP | plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb | |
GrN-5873 | 16/18 | NA | conventional 14C | 12470±145 BP | 15145–14108 cal BP | plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb | |
GrN-5874 | level 2 | NA | conventional 14C | 9570±55 BP | 11145–10715 cal BP | plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb | |
Pta-1175 | 14 | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 12310±120 BP | 14940–14030 cal BP | plug1981bs |
Pta-1176 | 16 | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 12470±120 BP | 15105–14169 cal BP | plug1981bs |
Pta-1177 | 17 | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 12800±75 BP | 15530–15085 cal BP | plug1981bs |
Pta-1178 | 18 | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 12950±40 BP | 15611–15345 cal BP | plug1981bs |
Pta-1242 | 19 | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 23900±320 BP | 28756–27465 cal BP | vogel1986prd |
UCLA-1755 B | 14 | bone | NA | conventional 14C | 27400±1600 BP | 34831–28540 cal BP | plug1981bs |
GrN-4813 | NA | NA | 9940±80 BP | 11705–11212 cal BP | Plug I. 1981. Bushman rock shelter.Guide to archaeological sites in the Northern and Eastern Transvaal pp.110-131. Bird et al. 2022 | ||
GrN-4814 | charcoal | NA | NA | 12090±95 BP | 14200–13765 cal BP | Plug I. 1981. Bushman rock shelter.Guide to archaeological sites in the Northern and Eastern Transvaal pp.110-131. Bird et al. 2022 | |
GrN-4815 | charcoal | NA | NA | 12160±95 BP | 14790–13791 cal BP | Plug I. 1981. Bushman rock shelter.Guide to archaeological sites in the Northern and Eastern Transvaal pp.110-131. Bird et al. 2022 | |
GrN-4816 | charcoal | NA | NA | 12510±105 BP | 15140–14251 cal BP | Vogel and Waterbolk 1967 128 Bird et al. 2022 | |
GrN-4854 | NA | NA | 9510±55 BP | 11080–10586 cal BP | P. Allsworth-Jones Colloque Nemours 1988 pp. 79-95 T.C. Hauck / Quaternary International 485 (2018) 150e166 Bird et al. 2022 | ||
GrN-5873 | NA | NA | 12470±145 BP | 15145–14108 cal BP | SARD Bird et al. 2022 | ||
GrN-5874 | NA | NA | 9570±55 BP | 11145–10715 cal BP | Çambel and Braidwood (eds.) 1980a 54 Bird et al. 2022 |
Classification | Estimated age | References |
---|---|---|
LSA | NA | plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb |
Oakhurst | NA | NA |
LSA | NA | plug1981bs |
Robberg | NA | NA |
LSA | NA | plug1981bs |
NA | NA | |
LSA | NA | plug1981bs |
NA | NA | |
LSA | NA | plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb |
Oakhurst | NA | NA |
LSA | NA | plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb |
NA | NA | |
LSA | NA | plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb |
Oakhurst | NA | NA |
LSA | NA | plug1981bs |
Robberg | NA | NA |
LSA | NA | plug1981bs |
NA | NA | |
MSA | NA | plug1981bs |
NA | NA |
Bibliographic references
- No bibliographic information available. [plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb]
- No bibliographic information available. [plug1981bs]
- No bibliographic information available. [vogel1986prd]
- No bibliographic information available. [Plug I. 1981. Bushman rock shelter.Guide to archaeological sites in the Northern and Eastern Transvaal pp.110-131.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Vogel and Waterbolk 1967 128]
- No bibliographic information available. [P. Allsworth-Jones Colloque Nemours 1988 pp. 79-95 T.C. Hauck / Quaternary International 485 (2018) 150e166]
- No bibliographic information available. [SARD]
- No bibliographic information available. [Çambel and Braidwood (eds.) 1980a 54]
- No bibliographic information available. [Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80]
- No bibliographic information available. [Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117]
- https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database [SARD]
- Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]
@misc{plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb,
}
@misc{plug1981bs,
}
@misc{vogel1986prd,
}
@misc{Plug I. 1981. Bushman rock shelter.Guide to archaeological sites in the Northern and Eastern Transvaal pp.110-131.,
}
@misc{Vogel and Waterbolk 1967 128,
}
@misc{P. Allsworth-Jones Colloque Nemours 1988 pp. 79-95 T.C. Hauck / Quaternary International 485 (2018) 150e166,
}
@misc{SARD,
}
@misc{Çambel and Braidwood (eds.) 1980a 54,
}
@misc{Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80,
}
@misc{Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117,
}
@misc{SARD,
url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
year = {2022},
month = {jan},
journal = {Scientific Data},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {27},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2052-4463},
doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
langid = {english},
keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"plug1981bs","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"vogel1986prd","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Plug I. 1981. Bushman rock shelter.Guide to archaeological sites in the Northern and Eastern Transvaal pp.110-131.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel and Waterbolk 1967 128","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"P. Allsworth-Jones Colloque Nemours 1988 pp. 79-95 T.C. Hauck / Quaternary International 485 (2018) 150e166","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Çambel and Braidwood (eds.) 1980a 54","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: plug1981bs; vogel1969rdb
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: plug1981bs
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: vogel1986prd
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Plug I. 1981. Bushman rock shelter.Guide to archaeological sites in the
Northern and Eastern Transvaal pp.110-131.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Vogel and Waterbolk 1967 128
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: P. Allsworth-Jones Colloque Nemours 1988 pp. 79-95 T.C. Hauck / Quaternary
International 485 (2018) 150e166
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Çambel and Braidwood (eds.) 1980a 54
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon
23: 43-80'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III.
Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
:url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
:note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
:bibtex_type: :article
:title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
:author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
Jacob}"
:year: "{2022}"
:month: "{jan}"
:journal: "{Scientific Data}"
:volume: "{9}"
:number: "{1}"
:pages: "{27}"
:publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
:issn: "{2052-4463}"
:doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
:abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
:copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
:langid: "{english}"
:keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
:month_numeric: "{1}"