Site type

Location

Coordinates (degrees)
031.133° S, 025.050° E
Coordinates (DMS)
031° 07' 00" E, 025° 03' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166)
South Africa (ZA)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (50)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
D-AMS-1227 HG/CAU2 bone NA AMS 556±24 BP 627–526 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
D-AMS-1228 HG/CAU2 bone NA AMS 1238±28 BP 1269–1070 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
D-AMS-1229 HG/CAU2 bone NA AMS 819±30 BP 775–677 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
D-AMS-1230 HG/CAU2 bone NA AMS 758±29 BP 725–666 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
D-AMS-1231 GAC/CAU3 bone NA AMS 2728±32 BP 2871–2760 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
GrA-15192 GAC/CAU3 plant remains NA AMS 1810±50 BP 1828–1586 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
GrA-15193 GAC/CAU3 plant remains NA AMS 785±50 BP 786–655 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
GrA-15194 GAC/CAU4 plant remains NA AMS 1025±50 BP 1057–792 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
GrA-15195 HG/CAU2 plant remains NA AMS 1505±50 BP 1516–1304 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
OxA-27365 GAC/CAU3 bone NA AMS 2791±25 BP 2958–2796 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
OxA-27366 CPB/CAU2 bone NA AMS 1097±24 BP 1059–955 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
OxA-7876 C150-b sediments NA AMS 9400±100 BP 11074–10294 cal BP bronkramsey2002rdo
OxA-8530 CY-Brown 2 sediments NA AMS 11850±150 BP 14060–13441 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
SMU-1823 CY-CAU8 charcoal NA conventional 14C 8541±417 BP 10575–8480 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
SMU-1849 GAC/CAU4 charcoal NA conventional 14C 3135±33 BP 3447–3250 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
SMU-1850 HG/CAU2 charcoal NA conventional 14C 1305±31 BP 1291–1176 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
SMU-1851 TG-CAC/CAU6 charcoal NA conventional 14C 4066±55 BP 4815–4417 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
SMU-1852 TG-CAC/CAU6 charcoal NA conventional 14C 4286±149 BP 5304–4444 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
SMU-1853 GAC/CAU3 charcoal NA conventional 14C 2292±120 BP 2705–2001 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
SMU-1901 TG/CAU6 charcoal NA conventional 14C 4101±273 BP 5434–3849 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed

typological date Typological dates (50)

Classification Estimated age References
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Ceramic LSA NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Wilton NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Ceramic LSA NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Wilton NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Wilton NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Ceramic LSA NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Wilton NA NA

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references

@misc{bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed,
  
}
@misc{bronkramsey2002rdo,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  
}
@misc{Ollivier et al 2017,
  
}
@misc{Kiel DB 2013,
  
}
@misc{Proc. Bristol Univ. Spelaeol. Soc. Vol. 7 1955 61 - 75 Campbell J. B. Mendip Hills in Prehistoric time and Roman Times Bristol 1970 p. 11. Flas D. 2008.Anthropologica et Praehistorica 119: 3-253.,
  
}
@misc{Marks (ed.) 1983,
  
}
@misc{Miller Jornada Database,
  
}
@misc{East Texas 14C Database; Fields et al. 1997,
  
}
@misc{Maslowski et al. 1995,
  
}
@misc{Sampson C.G. 1970. Smithfield Industrial Complex: further field results. National Museum Memoir 5. Bloemfontein: National Museum.,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"bronkramsey2002rdo","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Ollivier et al 2017","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kiel DB 2013","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Proc. Bristol Univ. Spelaeol. Soc. Vol. 7 1955 61 - 75 Campbell J. B. Mendip Hills in Prehistoric time and Roman Times Bristol 1970 p. 11. Flas D. 2008.Anthropologica et Praehistorica 119: 3-253.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Marks (ed.) 1983","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Miller Jornada Database","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"East Texas 14C Database; Fields et al. 1997","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Maslowski et al. 1995","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Sampson C.G. 1970. Smithfield Industrial Complex: further field results. National Museum Memoir 5. Bloemfontein: National Museum.","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: bronkramsey2002rdo
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Ollivier et al 2017
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Kiel DB 2013
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Proc. Bristol Univ. Spelaeol. Soc. Vol. 7 1955 61 - 75 Campbell J. B.
  Mendip Hills in Prehistoric time and Roman Times Bristol 1970 p. 11. Flas D. 2008.Anthropologica
  et Praehistorica 119: 3-253.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Marks (ed.) 1983
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Miller Jornada Database
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: East Texas 14C Database; Fields et al. 1997
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Maslowski et al. 1995
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Sampson C.G. 1970. Smithfield Industrial Complex: further field results.
  National Museum Memoir 5. Bloemfontein: National Museum.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog