Site types
Cave and

Location

Coordinates (degrees)
048.940° N, 011.790° E
Coordinates (DMS)
048° 56' 00" E, 011° 47' 00" N
Country (ISO 3166)
Germany (DE)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (54)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
GrN-20314 habitat NA 14C 47860±960 BP 54596–48220 cal BP Zilhao and d'Errico 2003 “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
5114/5024/5026 habitat bone NA 14C 46600±980 BP 51689–46955 cal BP Stage 3 database “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
GrN-7033 habitat NA 14C 45900±0 BP 48225–48163 cal BP Stage 3 database “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
GrN-6848 habitat NA 14C 41840±1170 BP 46340–42811 cal BP Stage 3 database “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
GrN-20302 habitat NA 14C 39950±970 BP 44540–42334 cal BP Zilhao and d'Errico 2003 “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
GrN-7153 habitat bone NA 14C 37100±1000 BP 42695–40145 cal BP Stage 3 database “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
GrN-6180 habitat bone NA 14C 36600±875 BP 42368–39975 cal BP Stage 3 database “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
GrN-20312 habitat NA 14C 36030±1180 BP 42448–38475 cal BP Zilhao and d'Errico 2003 “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
5052 habitat bone NA 14C 35200±260 BP 40876–39800 cal BP Stage 3 database “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
5065 habitat bone NA 14C 34800±300 BP 40564–39395 cal BP Stage 3 database “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
OxA-4245 habitat bone, calcaneum NA AMS 32430±670 BP 38960–35516 cal BP “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
OxA-4247 habitat bone, humerus/scapula NA AMS 30900±540 BP 36235–34386 cal BP “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
OxA-4243 habitat bone, radius NA AMS 30840±550 BP 36215–34339 cal BP “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
GrN-20305 habitat NA 14C 30770±250 BP 35585–34603 cal BP Zilhao and d'Errico 2003 “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
OxA-4248 habitat bone, tibia NA AMS 29980±560 BP 35520–33158 cal BP “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
OxA-4365 habitat bone, humerus NA AMS 28240±400 BP 33515–31380 cal BP “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
OxA-4366 habitat tooth, upper molar NA AMS 27730±380 BP 32856–31126 cal BP “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
OxA-4244 habitat bone, scapula NA AMS 27630±400 BP 32855–31065 cal BP “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
OxA-4246 habitat bone, mandible NA AMS 27500±420 BP 32847–30911 cal BP “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
OxA-3607 habitat tooth, upper molar NA AMS 27150±350 BP 31848–30456 cal BP “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011

typological date Typological dates (36)

Classification Estimated age References
Middle Paleolithic NA Zilhao and d'Errico 2003
Micoquian NA NA
Middle Paleolithic NA Stage 3 database
Mousterian NA NA
Middle Paleolithic NA Stage 3 database
Mousterian NA NA
Middle Paleolithic NA Stage 3 database
Mousterian NA NA
Middle Paleolithic NA Zilhao and d'Errico 2003
Micoquian NA NA
Middle Paleolithic NA Stage 3 database
Mousterian NA NA
Middle Paleolithic NA Stage 3 database
Mousterian NA NA
Middle Paleolithic NA Zilhao and d'Errico 2003
Micoquian NA NA
Middle Paleolithic NA Stage 3 database
Mousterian NA NA
Middle Paleolithic NA Stage 3 database
Mousterian NA NA

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references

@misc{Zilhao and d'Errico 2003,
  
}
@misc{Stage 3 database,
  
}
@misc{Hedges et al. 1997a,
  
}
@misc{Redmond and McCullough 2000,
  
}
@misc{Banadora,
  
}
@article{Vermeersch2020,
  title = {Radiocarbon Palaeolithic Europe Database: A Regularly Updated Dataset of the Radiometric Data Regarding the Palaeolithic of Europe, Siberia Included},
  author = {Vermeersch, Pierre M},
  year = {2020},
  month = {aug},
  journal = {Data Brief},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {105793},
  issn = {2352-3409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2020.105793},
  abstract = {At the Berlin INQUA Congress (1995) a working group, European Late Pleistocene Isotopic Stages 2 & 3: Humans, Their Ecology & Cultural Adaptations, was established under the direction of J. Renault-Miskovsky (Institut de Paléontologie humaine, Paris). One of the objectives was building a database of the human occupation of Europe during this period. The database has been enlarged and now includes Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites connecting them to their environmental conditions and the available chronometric dating. From version 14 on, only sites with chronometric data were included. In this database we have collected the available radiometric data from literature and from other more restricted databases. We try to incorporate newly published chronometric dates, collected from all kind of available publications. Only dates older than 9500 uncalibrated BP, correlated with a "cultural" level obtained by scientific excavations of European (Asian Russian Federation included) Palaeolithic sites, have been included. The dates are complemented with information related to cultural remains, stratigraphic, sedimentologic and palaeontologic information within a Microsoft Access database. For colleagues mainly interested in a list of all chronometric dates an Microsoft Excel list (with no details) is available (Tab. 1). A file, containing all sites with known coordinates, that can be opened for immediate use in Google Earth is available as a *.kmz file. It will give the possibility to introduce (by file open) in Google Earth the whole site list in "My Places". The database, version 27 (first version was available in 2002), contains now 13,202 site forms, (most of them with their geographical coordinates), comprising 17,022 radiometric data: Conv. 14C and AMS 14C (13,144 items), TL (678 items), OSL (1050 items), ESR, Th/U and AAR (2150 items) from the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. All 14C dates are conventional dates BP. This improved version 27 replaces the older version 26.},
  month_numeric = {8}
}
@misc{Banadoraà Richter J. 2006. Eraul 117: 51-66.,
  
}
@misc{Richter J. 2002. Germania 80: 1-22.,
  
}
@misc{BarandiarÔøΩn MaetzuI.le PalÔøΩolithique supÔøΩrieur au pays Basque et dans le bassin de l'Ebre à In :,
  
}
@misc{Mussi et al. 2011,
  
}
@misc{Lanting J.N.Van der Plicht J. I996 De 14 C-Chronologie van de Nederlandse Pre-en Protohistorie I: Laat-Palaeolithicum. Palaeohistoria 37/38: 7I-125. Flas D. 2008. Anthropologica et Praehistorica 119: 3-253.,
  
}
@misc{Lanting/vanderPlicht 1997/1998,
  
}
@misc{Clason 1980: 146 Groningen 14C database,
  
}
@misc{Zampetti & Mussi ERAUL 35 1988 p. 199-214 Caloi & Palombo Quaternaria Nova I 1990-1991 p. 267-276; Mussi & Zampetti Quaternaria Nova I 1990-1991 p. 277-287; Mussi & Zampetti XIII Congres UISPP Lazio & Bbuzzo vol. 10 1995 p. 106-113,
  
}
@dataset{IRDD,
  title = {Catalogue of Radiocarbon Determinations & Dendrochronology Dates (August 2019 Release)},
  author = {Chapple, Robert M},
  date = {2019},
  publisher = {Oculus Obscura Press},
  location = {Belfast},
  url = {https://sites.google.com/site/chapplearchaeology/irish-radiocarbon-dendrochronological-dates}
}
@misc{G. Freund Die Sesselfelsgrotte im unteren AltmÔøΩhtal. In: FÔøΩhrer zu den archÔøΩologischen DenkmÔøΩlern in Deutschland 6. Regensburg-Kelheim-Staubing II. Stuttgart 1984 79-89. A. Divian forthcoming,
  
}
@misc{J. Fraunholz H. Obermaier M. Schlosser: Die KastlhÔøΩnghÔøΩhle ein RenntierjÔøΩgerstation im bayerischen AltmÔøΩhlthale BeitrÔøΩge zur Anthropologie und Urgeschichte Bayerns 18 MÔøΩnchen 1911 119_164. Freund 1963; Kaulich 1994,
  
}
@article{dErricoEtAl2011,
  title = {PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database},
  author = {},
  date = {2011},
  journaltitle = {PaleoAnthropology},
  volume = {2011},
  pages = {1–12},
  abstract = {Numerous Paleolithic radiocarbon databases exist, but their geographic and temporal scopes are diverse and their availability variable. With this paper we make available to the scientific community a georeferenced database of radiocarbon ages for the late Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, and initial Holocene in Europe. The PACEA radiocarbon database consists of conventional and AMS 14C age determinations from archaeological sites in Europe that fall within Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 3–1. In all, we have assembled 6,019 radiocarbon ages (conventional=3,820, AMS=2,176, unspecified=23) from a total of 1,208 sites, along with comprehensive contextual information on the dated samples.},
  keywords = {⛔ No DOI found},
  file = {/home/joeroe/g/work/library/2011/d’Errico_et_al_2011.pdf}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"Zilhao and d'Errico 2003","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Stage 3 database","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Hedges et al. 1997a","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Redmond and McCullough 2000","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Banadora","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"Vermeersch2020","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{Radiocarbon Palaeolithic Europe Database: A Regularly Updated Dataset of the Radiometric Data Regarding the Palaeolithic of Europe, Siberia Included}","author":"{Vermeersch, Pierre M}","year":"{2020}","month":"{aug}","journal":"{Data Brief}","volume":"{31}","pages":"{105793}","issn":"{2352-3409}","doi":"{10.1016/j.dib.2020.105793}","abstract":"{At the Berlin INQUA Congress (1995) a working group, European Late Pleistocene Isotopic Stages 2 & 3: Humans, Their Ecology & Cultural Adaptations, was established under the direction of J. Renault-Miskovsky (Institut de Paléontologie humaine, Paris). One of the objectives was building a database of the human occupation of Europe during this period. The database has been enlarged and now includes Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites connecting them to their environmental conditions and the available chronometric dating. From version 14 on, only sites with chronometric data were included. In this database we have collected the available radiometric data from literature and from other more restricted databases. We try to incorporate newly published chronometric dates, collected from all kind of available publications. Only dates older than 9500 uncalibrated BP, correlated with a \"cultural\" level obtained by scientific excavations of European (Asian Russian Federation included) Palaeolithic sites, have been included. The dates are complemented with information related to cultural remains, stratigraphic, sedimentologic and palaeontologic information within a Microsoft Access database. For colleagues mainly interested in a list of all chronometric dates an Microsoft Excel list (with no details) is available (Tab. 1). A file, containing all sites with known coordinates, that can be opened for immediate use in Google Earth is available as a *.kmz file. It will give the possibility to introduce (by file open) in Google Earth the whole site list in \"My Places\". The database, version 27 (first version was available in 2002), contains now 13,202 site forms, (most of them with their geographical coordinates), comprising 17,022 radiometric data: Conv. 14C and AMS 14C (13,144 items), TL (678 items), OSL (1050 items), ESR, Th/U and AAR (2150 items) from the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. All 14C dates are conventional dates BP. This improved version 27 replaces the older version 26.}","month_numeric":"{8}"}]{"bibtex_key":"Banadoraà Richter J. 2006. Eraul 117: 51-66.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Richter J. 2002. Germania 80: 1-22.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"BarandiarÔøΩn MaetzuI.le PalÔøΩolithique supÔøΩrieur au pays Basque et dans le bassin de l'Ebre à In :","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mussi et al. 2011","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Lanting J.N.Van der Plicht J. I996 De 14 C-Chronologie van de Nederlandse Pre-en Protohistorie I: Laat-Palaeolithicum. Palaeohistoria 37/38: 7I-125. Flas D. 2008. 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Regensburg-Kelheim-Staubing II. Stuttgart 1984 79-89. A. Divian forthcoming","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"J. Fraunholz H. Obermaier M. Schlosser: Die KastlhÔøΩnghÔøΩhle ein RenntierjÔøΩgerstation im bayerischen AltmÔøΩhlthale BeitrÔøΩge zur Anthropologie und Urgeschichte Bayerns 18 MÔøΩnchen 1911 119_164. Freund 1963; Kaulich 1994","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"dErricoEtAl2011","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database}","author":"{}","date":"{2011}","journaltitle":"{PaleoAnthropology}","volume":"{2011}","pages":"{1–12}","abstract":"{Numerous Paleolithic radiocarbon databases exist, but their geographic and temporal scopes are diverse and their availability variable. With this paper we make available to the scientific community a georeferenced database of radiocarbon ages for the late Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, and initial Holocene in Europe. The PACEA radiocarbon database consists of conventional and AMS 14C age determinations from archaeological sites in Europe that fall within Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 3–1. In all, we have assembled 6,019 radiocarbon ages (conventional=3,820, AMS=2,176, unspecified=23) from a total of 1,208 sites, along with comprehensive contextual information on the dated samples.}","keywords":"{⛔ No DOI found}","file":"{/home/joeroe/g/work/library/2011/d’Errico_et_al_2011.pdf}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: Zilhao and d'Errico 2003
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Stage 3 database
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Hedges et al. 1997a
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Redmond and McCullough 2000
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Banadora
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: Vermeersch2020
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{Radiocarbon Palaeolithic Europe Database: A Regularly Updated Dataset
    of the Radiometric Data Regarding the Palaeolithic of Europe, Siberia Included}"
  :author: "{Vermeersch, Pierre M}"
  :year: "{2020}"
  :month: "{aug}"
  :journal: "{Data Brief}"
  :volume: "{31}"
  :pages: "{105793}"
  :issn: "{2352-3409}"
  :doi: "{10.1016/j.dib.2020.105793}"
  :abstract: '{At the Berlin INQUA Congress (1995) a working group, European Late
    Pleistocene Isotopic Stages 2 & 3: Humans, Their Ecology & Cultural Adaptations,
    was established under the direction of J. Renault-Miskovsky (Institut de Paléontologie
    humaine, Paris). One of the objectives was building a database of the human occupation
    of Europe during this period. The database has been enlarged and now includes
    Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites connecting them to their environmental
    conditions and the available chronometric dating. From version 14 on, only sites
    with chronometric data were included. In this database we have collected the available
    radiometric data from literature and from other more restricted databases. We
    try to incorporate newly published chronometric dates, collected from all kind
    of available publications. Only dates older than 9500 uncalibrated BP, correlated
    with a "cultural" level obtained by scientific excavations of European (Asian
    Russian Federation included) Palaeolithic sites, have been included. The dates
    are complemented with information related to cultural remains, stratigraphic,
    sedimentologic and palaeontologic information within a Microsoft Access database.
    For colleagues mainly interested in a list of all chronometric dates an Microsoft
    Excel list (with no details) is available (Tab. 1). A file, containing all sites
    with known coordinates, that can be opened for immediate use in Google Earth is
    available as a *.kmz file. It will give the possibility to introduce (by file
    open) in Google Earth the whole site list in "My Places". The database, version
    27 (first version was available in 2002), contains now 13,202 site forms, (most
    of them with their geographical coordinates), comprising 17,022 radiometric data:
    Conv. 14C and AMS 14C (13,144 items), TL (678 items), OSL (1050 items), ESR, Th/U
    and AAR (2150 items) from the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. All 14C dates
    are conventional dates BP. This improved version 27 replaces the older version
    26.}'
  :month_numeric: "{8}"
---
:bibtex_key: 'Banadoraà Richter J. 2006. Eraul 117: 51-66.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Richter J. 2002. Germania 80: 1-22.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'BarandiarÔøΩn MaetzuI.le PalÔøΩolithique supÔøΩrieur au pays Basque
  et dans le bassin de l''Ebre à In :'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Mussi et al. 2011
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Lanting J.N.Van der Plicht J. I996 De 14 C-Chronologie van de Nederlandse
  Pre-en Protohistorie I: Laat-Palaeolithicum. Palaeohistoria 37/38: 7I-125. Flas
  D. 2008. Anthropologica et Praehistorica 119: 3-253.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Lanting/vanderPlicht 1997/1998
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Clason 1980: 146 Groningen 14C database'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Zampetti & Mussi ERAUL 35 1988 p. 199-214 Caloi & Palombo Quaternaria
  Nova I 1990-1991 p. 267-276; Mussi & Zampetti Quaternaria Nova I 1990-1991 p. 277-287;
  Mussi & Zampetti XIII Congres UISPP Lazio & Bbuzzo vol. 10 1995 p. 106-113
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: IRDD
  :bibtex_type: :dataset
  :title: "{Catalogue of Radiocarbon Determinations & Dendrochronology Dates (August
    2019 Release)}"
  :author: "{Chapple, Robert M}"
  :date: "{2019}"
  :publisher: "{Oculus Obscura Press}"
  :location: "{Belfast}"
  :url: "{https://sites.google.com/site/chapplearchaeology/irish-radiocarbon-dendrochronological-dates}"
---
:bibtex_key: 'G. Freund Die Sesselfelsgrotte im unteren AltmÔøΩhtal. In: FÔøΩhrer
  zu den archÔøΩologischen DenkmÔøΩlern in Deutschland 6. Regensburg-Kelheim-Staubing
  II. Stuttgart 1984 79-89. A. Divian forthcoming'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'J. Fraunholz H. Obermaier M. Schlosser: Die KastlhÔøΩnghÔøΩhle ein RenntierjÔøΩgerstation
  im bayerischen AltmÔøΩhlthale BeitrÔøΩge zur Anthropologie und Urgeschichte Bayerns
  18 MÔøΩnchen 1911 119_164. Freund 1963; Kaulich 1994'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: dErricoEtAl2011
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database}"
  :author: "{}"
  :date: "{2011}"
  :journaltitle: "{PaleoAnthropology}"
  :volume: "{2011}"
  :pages: "{1–12}"
  :abstract: "{Numerous Paleolithic radiocarbon databases exist, but their geographic
    and temporal scopes are diverse and their availability variable. With this paper
    we make available to the scientific community a georeferenced database of radiocarbon
    ages for the late Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, and initial Holocene
    in Europe. The PACEA radiocarbon database consists of conventional and AMS 14C
    age determinations from archaeological sites in Europe that fall within Marine
    Isotope Stages (MIS) 3–1. In all, we have assembled 6,019 radiocarbon ages (conventional=3,820,
    AMS=2,176, unspecified=23) from a total of 1,208 sites, along with comprehensive
    contextual information on the dated samples.}"
  :keywords: "{⛔ No DOI found}"
  :file: "{/home/joeroe/g/work/library/2011/d’Errico_et_al_2011.pdf}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog