Hallan Çemi Tepesi
Archaeological site
in Türkiye
Record created in XRONOS on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC.
Last updated on 2023-12-22 10:42:28 UTC.
See changelog for details.
Contributors: XRONOS development team, Joe Roe
Contributors: XRONOS development team, Joe Roe
Location
Radiocarbon dates
(126)
| Lab ID | Context | Material | Taxon | Method | Uncalibrated age | Calibrated age | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OxA-12328 | Sample 1/5G 47 1034 | seed | Pistacia sp | NA | 9960±45 BP | Hinz et al. 2012 | |
| OxA-12298 | Sample 2/6H 07 0979 | seed | Pistacia sp | NA | 9980±60 BP | Hinz et al. 2012 | |
| OxA-12878 | Sample 12/6G 12 1802 | seed | Lathyrus | NA | 9535±75 BP | Hinz et al. 2012 | |
| OxA-12330 | Sample 4/5H 56 1145 | seed | Amygdalus | NA | 9980±45 BP | Hinz et al. 2012 | |
| OxA-12340 | Sample 19/6F 07 1218 | seed | Amygdalus | NA | 9980±40 BP | Hinz et al. 2012 | |
| OxA-12332 | Sample 6/6E 12 1652 | seed | Pisum/Vicia | NA | 9935±45 BP | Hinz et al. 2012 | |
| OxA-12339 | Sample 18/6F 07 1215 | seed | Lathyrus | NA | 9955±40 BP | Hinz et al. 2012 | |
| OxA-12334 | Sample 8/5H 93 2049 | seed | Bolboschoenus maritimus | NA | 9970±45 BP | Hinz et al. 2012 | |
| OxA-12338 | Sample 17/6F 07 1209 | seed | Pisum/Vicia | NA | 9970±40 BP | Hinz et al. 2012 | |
| OxA-12331 | Sample 5/5H 57 1146 | seed | Amygdalus | NA | 9975±45 BP | Hinz et al. 2012 | |
| OxA-12335 | Sample 9/5H 99 2046 | seed | Lathyrus | NA | 9995±40 BP | Hinz et al. 2012 | |
| OxA-12879 | Sample 15/6G 12 1810 | seed | Lathyrus | NA | 9560±100 BP | Hinz et al. 2012 | |
| OxA-12337 | Sample 13/6G 12 1803 | seed | Pisum/Vicia | NA | 9965±40 BP | Hinz et al. 2012 | |
| Beta-46647 | lower Level (""architectural Level""), below house floor; lower level (""architectural level""), below house floor; below house floor | charcoal | NA | NA | 10040±160 BP | Rosenberg and Davis 1992; Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022 | |
| Beta-46649 | upper Level (""pit Level""); upper level (""pit level"") | charcoal | NA | NA | 10800±220 BP | Rosenberg and Davis 1992; Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022 | |
| Beta-47211 | Aceramic; central activity areas | charcoal | NA | NA | 10060±120 BP | Rosenberg and Davis 1992; Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022 | |
| Beta-47253 | Aceramic | charcoal | NA | NA | 9730±300 BP | Rosenberg and Davis 1992; Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022 | |
| Beta-55049 | Aceramic | charcoal | NA | NA | 10050±80 BP | Rosenberg 1994; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022 | |
| Beta-55050 | Aceramic | charcoal | NA | NA | 9840±50 BP | Rosenberg 1994; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022 | |
| Beta-55051 | Aceramic | charcoal | NA | NA | 10500±170 BP | Rosenberg 1994; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022 |
Typological dates
(57)
Bibliographic references
- No bibliographic information available. [Rosenberg and Davis 1992; Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016]
- No bibliographic information available. [Rosenberg 1994; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016]
- No bibliographic information available. [Rosenberg et al. 1995; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016]
- No bibliographic information available. [Higham et al. 2007; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016; ORAU]
- No bibliographic information available. [Higham et al. 2007; Flohr et al. 2016; ORAU]
- No bibliographic information available. [Rosenberg 1994, p. 123.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Rosenberg et al. 1995, p. 3.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Rosenberg and Davis 1992 Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994 Rosenberg 1994a Thissen 2002a]
- No bibliographic information available. [Rosenberg 1994a Bar-Yosef and Gopher 1997c Thissen 2002a]
- No bibliographic information available. [Rosenberg et al. 1995 Thissen 2002a]
- No bibliographic information available. [Higham 2007]
- No bibliographic information available. [Flohretal2016]
- No bibliographic information available. [Flohretal2016; RADON]
- Hinz, M., Furholt, M., Müller, J., Raetzel-Fabian, D., Rinne, C., Sjögren, K.-G., & Wotzka, H.-P. (2012). RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age. Journal of Neolithic Archaeology, 14, 1–4. https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116 [RADON]
- Palmisano, A., Bevan, A., Lawrence, D., & Shennan, S. (2022). The NERD Dataset: Near East Radiocarbon Dates between 15,000 and 1,500 Cal. Yr. BP. 10(0), 2. https://doi.org/10.5334/joad.90 [NERD]
- Perrin, T. (2021). Base de Données Archéologique (BDA) [Data set]. NAKALA. https://doi.org/10.34847/nkl.dde9fnm8 [BDA]
- Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]
@misc{Rosenberg and Davis 1992; Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016,
}
@misc{Rosenberg 1994; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016,
}
@misc{Rosenberg et al. 1995; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016,
}
@misc{Higham et al. 2007; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016; ORAU,
}
@misc{Higham et al. 2007; Flohr et al. 2016; ORAU,
}
@misc{Rosenberg 1994, p. 123.,
}
@misc{Rosenberg et al. 1995, p. 3.,
}
@misc{Rosenberg and Davis 1992 Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994 Rosenberg 1994a Thissen 2002a,
}
@misc{Rosenberg 1994a Bar-Yosef and Gopher 1997c Thissen 2002a,
}
@misc{Rosenberg et al. 1995 Thissen 2002a,
}
@misc{Higham 2007,
}
@misc{Flohretal2016,
}
@misc{Flohretal2016; RADON,
}
@article{RADON,
title = {RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.},
author = {Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter},
date = {2012},
journaltitle = {Journal of Neolithic Archaeology},
volume = {14},
pages = {1–4},
url = {https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116},
abstract = {In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}
}
@article{NERD,
title = {The NERD Dataset: Near East Radiocarbon Dates between 15,000 and 1,500 Cal. Yr. BP},
shorttitle = {The NERD Dataset},
author = {Palmisano, Alessio and Bevan, Andrew and Lawrence, Dan and Shennan, Stephen},
date = {2022-02-22},
volume = {10},
number = {0},
pages = {2},
publisher = {Ubiquity Press},
issn = {2049-1565},
doi = {10.5334/joad.90},
url = {https://openarchaeologydata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/joad.90},
urldate = {2023-09-07},
abstract = {To our knowledge, the dataset described in this paper represents the largest existing repository of uncalibrated radiocarbon dates for the whole Near East from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene (15,000 – 1,500 cal. yr. BP). It is composed of 11,027 radiocarbon dates from 1,023 sites that have been collected comprehensively by cross-checking multiple sources (extant digital archives and databases, edited volumes, monographs, journals papers, archaeological excavation reports, etc.) under the umbrella of the Leverhulme Trust funded project “Changing the Face of the Mediterranean” and of the ERC project “CLASS – Climate, Landscape, Settlement and Society: Exploring Human-Environment Interaction in the Ancient Near East”. This is an ongoing dataset that will be updated step by step with newly published radiocarbon dates.},
issue = {0},
langid = {american},
file = {/home/joeroe/g/work/library/2022/Palmisano_et_al_2022.pdf}
}
@dataset{BDA,
title = {Base de Données Archéologique (BDA)},
author = {Perrin, Thomas},
date = {2021-02-03},
publisher = {NAKALA},
doi = {10.34847/nkl.dde9fnm8},
url = {https://nakala.fr/10.34847/nkl.dde9fnm8},
urldate = {2023-09-07},
abstract = {Exports in .xlsx format of the main tables of the BDA database (Archaeological Database), available here https://bda.huma-num.fr/ in Filemaker Pro format.},
langid = {french}
}
@article{p3k14c,
title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
year = {2022},
month = {jan},
journal = {Scientific Data},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {27},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2052-4463},
doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
langid = {english},
keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"Rosenberg and Davis 1992; Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Rosenberg 1994; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Rosenberg et al. 1995; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Higham et al. 2007; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016; ORAU","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Higham et al. 2007; Flohr et al. 2016; ORAU","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Rosenberg 1994, p. 123.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Rosenberg et al. 1995, p. 3.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Rosenberg and Davis 1992 Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994 Rosenberg 1994a Thissen 2002a","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Rosenberg 1994a Bar-Yosef and Gopher 1997c Thissen 2002a","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Rosenberg et al. 1995 Thissen 2002a","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Higham 2007","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Flohretal2016","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Flohretal2016; RADON","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"RADON","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}","author":"{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}","date":"{2012}","journaltitle":"{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}","volume":"{14}","pages":"{1–4}","url":"{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}","abstract":"{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}"}][{"bibtex_key":"NERD","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{The NERD Dataset: Near East Radiocarbon Dates between 15,000 and 1,500 Cal. Yr. 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However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. 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:bibtex_key: Rosenberg and Davis 1992; Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994; Thissen 2002; TAY
Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rosenberg 1994; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rosenberg et al. 1995; Thissen 2002; TAY Project; CalPal; Flohr et al.
2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Higham et al. 2007; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016; ORAU
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Higham et al. 2007; Flohr et al. 2016; ORAU
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rosenberg 1994, p. 123.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rosenberg et al. 1995, p. 3.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rosenberg and Davis 1992 Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994 Rosenberg 1994a Thissen
2002a
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rosenberg 1994a Bar-Yosef and Gopher 1997c Thissen 2002a
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rosenberg et al. 1995 Thissen 2002a
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Higham 2007
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Flohretal2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Flohretal2016; RADON
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: RADON
:bibtex_type: :article
:title: "{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C
Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}"
:author: "{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian,
Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}"
:date: "{2012}"
:journaltitle: "{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}"
:volume: "{14}"
:pages: "{1–4}"
:url: "{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}"
:abstract: "{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific
dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently
of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller
2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy,
still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level,
it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and
that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as
sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates,
but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate
results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e.
g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This
approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which
we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has
been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C
data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia –
is collected and successively augmented.}"
---
- :bibtex_key: NERD
:bibtex_type: :article
:title: "{The NERD Dataset: Near East Radiocarbon Dates between 15,000 and 1,500
Cal. Yr. BP}"
:shorttitle: "{The NERD Dataset}"
:author: "{Palmisano, Alessio and Bevan, Andrew and Lawrence, Dan and Shennan, Stephen}"
:date: "{2022-02-22}"
:volume: "{10}"
:number: "{0}"
:pages: "{2}"
:publisher: "{Ubiquity Press}"
:issn: "{2049-1565}"
:doi: "{10.5334/joad.90}"
:url: "{https://openarchaeologydata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/joad.90}"
:urldate: "{2023-09-07}"
:abstract: "{To our knowledge, the dataset described in this paper represents the
largest existing repository of uncalibrated radiocarbon dates for the whole Near
East from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene (15,000 – 1,500 cal. yr. BP).
It is composed of 11,027 radiocarbon dates from 1,023 sites that have been collected
comprehensively by cross-checking multiple sources (extant digital archives and
databases, edited volumes, monographs, journals papers, archaeological excavation
reports, etc.) under the umbrella of the Leverhulme Trust funded project “Changing
the Face of the Mediterranean” and of the ERC project “CLASS – Climate, Landscape,
Settlement and Society: Exploring Human-Environment Interaction in the Ancient
Near East”. This is an ongoing dataset that will be updated step by step with
newly published radiocarbon dates.}"
:issue: "{0}"
:langid: "{american}"
:file: "{/home/joeroe/g/work/library/2022/Palmisano_et_al_2022.pdf}"
---
- :bibtex_key: BDA
:bibtex_type: :dataset
:title: "{Base de Données Archéologique (BDA)}"
:author: "{Perrin, Thomas}"
:date: "{2021-02-03}"
:publisher: "{NAKALA}"
:doi: "{10.34847/nkl.dde9fnm8}"
:url: "{https://nakala.fr/10.34847/nkl.dde9fnm8}"
:urldate: "{2023-09-07}"
:abstract: "{Exports in .xlsx format of the main tables of the BDA database (Archaeological
Database), available here https://bda.huma-num.fr/ in Filemaker Pro format.}"
:langid: "{french}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
:bibtex_type: :article
:title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
:author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
Jacob}"
:year: "{2022}"
:month: "{jan}"
:journal: "{Scientific Data}"
:volume: "{9}"
:number: "{1}"
:pages: "{27}"
:publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
:issn: "{2052-4463}"
:doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
:abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
:copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
:langid: "{english}"
:keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
:month_numeric: "{1}"