Site types
Rockshelter/cave and

Location

Coordinates (degrees)
036.762° N, 003.845° W
Coordinates (DMS)
036° 45' 00" W, 003° 50' 00" N
Country (ISO 3166)
Spain (ES)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (135)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
GaK-8959? charcoal NA C14 6480±80 BP Balsera Weninger 2022
GaK-8962 charcoal NA C14 7960±200 BP Balsera Weninger 2022
GaK-8963 charcoal NA C14 7160±150 BP Balsera Weninger 2022
GaK-8968 Fruit/Seed NA C14 7390±120 BP Balsera Weninger 2022
GaK-8969 charcoal NA C14 5790±140 BP Balsera Weninger 2022
GaK-8971 charcoal NA C14 7170±150 BP Balsera Weninger 2022
GaK-8973 Fruit/Seed acorn C14 7160±180 BP Balsera Weninger 2022
GaK-8974 charcoal NA C14 7890±170 BP Balsera Weninger 2022
GaK-8975 charcoal NA C14 7130±130 BP Balsera Weninger 2022
GifA-102010 seed/fruit Pinus nut C14 7610±90 BP Balsera Weninger 2022
GrN-5526 Fruit/Seed NA C14 5065±40 BP Balsera Weninger 2022
Ly-2517 charcoal NA 14C 7240±80 BP Andalucia 1 Weninger 2022
Ly-5217 charcoal NA 14C 7240±80 BP Martínez Fernández 2010 Weninger 2022
Ly-5218 charcoal NA C14 6420±60 BP Balsera Weninger 2022
MAMS-20437 bone Bovidae 14C 6185±21 BP Andalucia 1 Weninger 2022
nd-130 NA 14C 6420±60 BP Linstädter 2004 Weninger 2022
OxA-26077 bone Bovidae 14C 5998±31 BP Puchol 2016 Weninger 2022
OxA-26078 bone Bovidae 14C 6149±31 BP Puchol 2016 Weninger 2022
OxA-26079 bone Bovidae 14C 6207±32 BP Aura et al. 2013 Weninger 2022
OxA-26080 bone Bovidae 14C 6196±31 BP Aura et al. 2013 Weninger 2022

typological date Typological dates (34)

Classification Estimated age References
Neolithic NA Aura et al. 2013
Neolithic NA Balsera
Neolithic NA Balsera
Neolithic NA Balsera
Neolithic NA Aguilera Aguilar 2011
Neolithic NA Aguilera Aguilar 2011
Neolithic NA Aguilera Aguilar 2012
Neolithic NA Aguilera Aguilar 2013
Neolithic NA Aguilera Aguilar 2014
Neolithic NA Aguilera Aguilar 2011
Epipalaeolithic NA Aura et al. 2013
Geometric Mesolithic NA NA
Neolithic NA Aura et al. 2013
Epipalaeolithic NA Aura et al. 2013
Geometric Mesolithic NA NA
Neolithic NA Puchol 2016
Epipalaeolithic NA Balsera
Geometric Mesolithic NA NA
Neolithic NA Balsera
Neolithic NA Andalucia 1

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references

@misc{Aura et al. 2013,
  
}
@misc{Balsera,
  
}
@misc{Aguilera Aguilar 2011,
  
}
@misc{Aguilera Aguilar 2012,
  
}
@misc{Aguilera Aguilar 2013,
  
}
@misc{Aguilera Aguilar 2014,
  
}
@misc{Puchol 2016,
  
}
@misc{Andalucia 1,
  
}
@misc{Martínez Fernández 2010,
  
}
@misc{Linstädter 2004,
  
}
@misc{Mederos Martín 1998,
  
}
@misc{Pellicer 1987,
  
}
@misc{Balsera et al. 2015,
  
}
@misc{Carvalho 2008,
  
}
@misc{Aura  2013,
  
}
@misc{Rojo  2013,
  
}
@misc{Mason Roger D. Mark L. Peterson 1994,
  
}
@misc{Jorda Pardo J. e. a. 2008. UNED1: 239-256.,
  
}
@misc{Ziolkowski et al 1994,
  
}
@misc{Stordeur et al. 1982,
  
}
@misc{van Willigen 2006,
  
}
@misc{Oross et al. 2016,
  
}
@misc{See Bosinski Street & Baales for comprehensive references,
  
}
@misc{Kiel DB 2013,
  
}
@misc{Jordá Pardo 2008,
  
}
@misc{Aura 1998,
  
}
@misc{CalPal,
  title = {CalPal Edition 2022.9},
  author = {Weninger, Bernie},
  year = {2022},
  month = {sep},
  doi = {1010.5281/zenodo.7422618},
  url = {https://zenodo.org/record/7422618},
  abstract = {CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access},
  howpublished = {Zenodo},
  month_numeric = {9}
}
@article{RADON,
  title = {RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.},
  author = {Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter},
  date = {2012},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Neolithic Archaeology},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {1–4},
  url = {https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116},
  abstract = {In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}
}
@dataset{RADON-B,
  title = {RADON-B – Radiocarbon Dates Online (Version 2014).  Database for European 14C Dates for the Bronze and Early Iron Age},
  author = {Kneisel, Jutta and Hinz, Martin and Rinne, Christophe},
  date = {2014},
  url = {https://radon-b.ufg.uni-kiel.de},
  abstract = {The database provides a quick overview of 14C dates from Europe. The time frame was limited to the Bronze and Early Iron Ages and covers the period from 2300 BC to 500 BC. The database can be searched by geographic or chronological factors, but also according to the nature of the sample material, the sites or features. The data and related information were taken from the literature cited in each case, and due to the timing of phases and culture assignment, are subject to change. We therefore assume no responsibility for the accuracy of source data.}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"Aura et al. 2013","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Balsera","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Aguilera Aguilar 2011","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Aguilera Aguilar 2012","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Aguilera Aguilar 2013","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Aguilera Aguilar 2014","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Puchol 2016","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Andalucia 1","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Martínez Fernández 2010","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Linstädter 2004","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mederos Martín 1998","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Pellicer 1987","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Balsera et al. 2015","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Carvalho 2008","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Aura  2013","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Rojo  2013","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mason Roger D. Mark L. Peterson 1994","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Jorda Pardo J. e. a. 2008. UNED1: 239-256.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Ziolkowski et al 1994","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Stordeur et al. 1982","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"van Willigen 2006","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Oross et al. 2016","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"See Bosinski Street & Baales for comprehensive references","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kiel DB 2013","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Jordá Pardo 2008","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Aura 1998","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"CalPal","bibtex_type":"misc","title":"{CalPal Edition 2022.9}","author":"{Weninger, Bernie}","year":"{2022}","month":"{sep}","doi":"{1010.5281/zenodo.7422618}","url":"{https://zenodo.org/record/7422618}","abstract":"{CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.}","copyright":"{Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access}","howpublished":"{Zenodo}","month_numeric":"{9}"}][{"bibtex_key":"RADON","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}","author":"{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}","date":"{2012}","journaltitle":"{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}","volume":"{14}","pages":"{1–4}","url":"{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}","abstract":"{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}"}][{"bibtex_key":"RADON-B","bibtex_type":"dataset","title":"{RADON-B – Radiocarbon Dates Online (Version 2014).  Database for European 14C Dates for the Bronze and Early Iron Age}","author":"{Kneisel, Jutta and Hinz, Martin and Rinne, Christophe}","date":"{2014}","url":"{https://radon-b.ufg.uni-kiel.de}","abstract":"{The database provides a quick overview of 14C dates from Europe. The time frame was limited to the Bronze and Early Iron Ages and covers the period from 2300 BC to 500 BC. The database can be searched by geographic or chronological factors, but also according to the nature of the sample material, the sites or features. The data and related information were taken from the literature cited in each case, and due to the timing of phases and culture assignment, are subject to change. We therefore assume no responsibility for the accuracy of source data.}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: Aura et al. 2013
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Balsera
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Aguilera Aguilar 2011
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Aguilera Aguilar 2012
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Aguilera Aguilar 2013
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Aguilera Aguilar 2014
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Puchol 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Andalucia 1
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Martínez Fernández 2010
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Linstädter 2004
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Mederos Martín 1998
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Pellicer 1987
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Balsera et al. 2015
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Carvalho 2008
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Aura  2013
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rojo  2013
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Mason Roger D. Mark L. Peterson 1994
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Jorda Pardo J. e. a. 2008. UNED1: 239-256.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Ziolkowski et al 1994
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Stordeur et al. 1982
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: van Willigen 2006
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Oross et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: See Bosinski Street & Baales for comprehensive references
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Kiel DB 2013
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Jordá Pardo 2008
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Aura 1998
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: CalPal
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :title: "{CalPal Edition 2022.9}"
  :author: "{Weninger, Bernie}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{sep}"
  :doi: "{1010.5281/zenodo.7422618}"
  :url: "{https://zenodo.org/record/7422618}"
  :abstract: "{CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research
    for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.}"
  :copyright: "{Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access}"
  :howpublished: "{Zenodo}"
  :month_numeric: "{9}"
---
- :bibtex_key: RADON
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C
    Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}"
  :author: "{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian,
    Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}"
  :date: "{2012}"
  :journaltitle: "{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}"
  :volume: "{14}"
  :pages: "{1–4}"
  :url: "{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}"
  :abstract: "{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific
    dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently
    of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller
    2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy,
    still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level,
    it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and
    that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as
    sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates,
    but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate
    results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e.
    g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This
    approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which
    we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has
    been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C
    data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia –
    is collected and successively augmented.}"
---
- :bibtex_key: RADON-B
  :bibtex_type: :dataset
  :title: "{RADON-B – Radiocarbon Dates Online (Version 2014).  Database for European
    14C Dates for the Bronze and Early Iron Age}"
  :author: "{Kneisel, Jutta and Hinz, Martin and Rinne, Christophe}"
  :date: "{2014}"
  :url: "{https://radon-b.ufg.uni-kiel.de}"
  :abstract: "{The database provides a quick overview of 14C dates from Europe. The
    time frame was limited to the Bronze and Early Iron Ages and covers the period
    from 2300 BC to 500 BC. The database can be searched by geographic or chronological
    factors, but also according to the nature of the sample material, the sites or
    features. The data and related information were taken from the literature cited
    in each case, and due to the timing of phases and culture assignment, are subject
    to change. We therefore assume no responsibility for the accuracy of source data.}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog