ʿAin Ghazal – XRONOS

Location

Coordinates (degrees): 031.930° N, 035.930° E
Coordinates (DMS): 031° 55' 00" E, 035° 55' 00" N
Country (ISO 3166 ): Jordan (JO)

Lab ID	Context	Material	Taxon	Method	Uncalibrated age	References
GrN-12967	MPPNB-2;loc. 3083,142, Burial; Local phase IV; Central, 3083.142, burial	charcoal	NA	NA	8930±80 BP	Benz 2014; CalPal; Rollefson and Simmons 1988; Rollefson et al. 1992; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
GrN-12968	MPPNB-2;loc. 3083,115,firepit; Local phase III; Central, 3083.115, firepit/hearth	charcoal	NA	NA	8970±110 BP	Benz 2014; CalPal; Rollefson and Simmons 1988; Rollefson et al. 1992; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
GrN-12969	MPPNB-4?;loc. 3273,013, Floor fill; VI; local phase VII; Central, 3273.013, fill above floor	charcoal	NA	NA	8810±80 BP	Benz 2014; CalPal; Rollefson and Simmons 1988; Rollefson et al. 1992; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
GrN-12970	MPPNB-3;loc. 3273,028, Fill; Ivb; local phase V; Central, 3273.028, fill between floors	charcoal	NA	NA	8650±200 BP	Benz 2014; CalPal; Rollefson and Simmons 1988; Rollefson et al. 1992; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
GrN-12971	loc. 4048,004, Ash lens; above basal clay; South, 4048.004, ashy lens	charcoal	NA	NA	8460±90 BP	Benz 2014; CalPal; Rollefson and Simmons 1988; Rollefson et al. 1992; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
GrN-12972	loc. 4452,11, Ash rubble; Ib; South, 4452.110, ashy rubble layer	charcoal	NA	NA	8165±50 BP	Benz 2014; CalPal; Rollefson and Simmons 1988; Rollefson et al. 1992; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
GrN-14257	Central, 3081.128, ashy pit fill	charcoal	NA	NA	8720±80 BP	Benz 2014; Rollefson et al. 1992; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
GrN-14258	Central, 3273.036, floor deposit	seed (charred)	Lathyrus	NA	8810±160 BP	Benz 2014; Rollefson et al. 1992; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
GrN-14259	loc. 4048,004, Ash lens; above basal clay; South, 4048.004, ashy lens	charcoal	NA	NA	8310±230 BP	Rollefson et al. 1992; Rollefson 1998; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
GrN-17494	loc. 3275,021, Firepit; Central, 3275.021, firepit	charcoal	NA	NA	7825±65 BP	Benz 2014; Rollefson et al. 1992; CalPal; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
GrN-17495	loc. 3275.023 (oder 22?), Firepit; Central, 3275.022, firepit	charcoal	NA	NA	7915±95 BP	Benz 2014; Rollefson et al. 1992; CalPal; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
KN-4877	Central, 3275.029, LPPNB; Central, 3275.029, firepit	charcoal	NA	NA	8208±77 BP	Rollefson 1998; Benz 2014; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
KN-4878	Central, 3275.030; Central, 3275.030, firepit	charcoal	NA	NA	8253±76 BP	Rollefson 1998; Benz 2014; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
KN-4879	North 5718.074 LPPNB?; North, 5718.074, room fill	charcoal	NA	NA	7952±77 BP	Rollefson 1998; Benz 2014; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
KN-4880	North, 5718.080, LPPNB zu jung; North, 5718.080, fill, ashy layer	seeds (charred)	Lens	NA	7726±73 BP	Rollefson 1998; Benz 2014; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
KN-4881	North, 5718.111, LPPNB room fill; North, 5718.111, room fill	seeds (charred)	Lens	NA	7880±82 BP	Rollefson 1998; Benz 2014; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
KN-4882	North, 5717.070, LPPNB zu jung; North, 5717.070, fill, stony layer	seeds (charred)	Lens	NA	7809±74 BP	Rollefson 1998; Benz 2014; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
KN-4883	North, 5918.013; North, 5918.013, firepit	charcoal	NA	NA	8230±76 BP	Rollefson 1998; Benz 2014; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
KN-4884	North, 5918.046, PPNC; North, 5918.046, fill, ash	seeds (charred)	Lens	NA	7857±74 BP	Rollefson 1998; Benz 2014; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022
KN-4885	North, 5918.045 LPPNB; North, 5918.045, fill, ash	charcoal	NA	NA	7939±87 BP	Rollefson 1998; Benz 2014; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022

Classification	Estimated age	References
PPNB	NA	NA
Neolithic	NA	NA
PPNC	NA	NA
Neolithic	NA	NA
PPNC	NA	NA
Neolithic	NA	Rollefson et al. 1992, 445
PPNB	NA	NA
Neolithic	NA	Rollefson 1998b, 9
PPNB	NA	NA
Neolithic	NA	Rollefson 1998b, 9
Yarmoukian	NA	NA
Neolithic	NA	Rollefson 1998b, 9
PPNB	NA	NA
Neolithic	NA	Rollefson 1998b, 9
PPNB	NA	NA
Neolithic	NA	Rollefson 1998b, 9
PPNB	NA	NA
Neolithic	NA	Lee Database
PPNB	NA	NA
Neolithic	NA	Rollefson et al. 1992, 445

Bibliographic references

No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson et al. 1992, 445]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson 1998b, 9]
No bibliographic information available. [Lee Database]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson 1998b]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson et al. 1985, 111]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson et al. 1992]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson et al. 1985]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998b]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson and Simmons 1988, Rollefson et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998b]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson et al. 1985, Rollefson et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998b]
No bibliographic information available. [Hedges et al. 1987, Rollefson and Simmons 1987, Hedges et al. 1989, Rollefson et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998b]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson and Simmons 1987, Rollefson et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998b]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson et al. 1992, Housley 1994, Rollefson 1998b]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson et al. 1992, Housley 1994, Waterbolk 1994, Rollefson 1998b]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998a]
No bibliographic information available. [Böhner/Schyle 2002-2006]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson et al. 1992; Rollefson 1998; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson 1998; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson et al. 1992; Benz 2014; CalPal; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson 1998; Benz 2014; Flohr et al. 2016]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson 1998; Benz 2014; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016]
No bibliographic information available. [Benz 2014;Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016]
No bibliographic information available. [CalPal; Hinz et al. 2012: http://radon-b.ufg.uni-kiel.de/samples/7172]
No bibliographic information available. [Keller et al. 2012; Benz 2014; Flohr et al. 2016]
No bibliographic information available. [Flohr et al. 2016]
No bibliographic information available. [Benz 2014; CalPal; Rollefson and Simmons 1988; Rollefson et al. 1992; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016]
No bibliographic information available. [Benz 2014; Rollefson et al. 1992; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016]
No bibliographic information available. [Benz 2014; Rollefson et al. 1992; CalPal; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson et al. 1992; Housley 1994; Rollefson 1998; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson et al. 1992; Benz 2014]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson et al. 1985; Rollefson et al. 1992; Benz 2014; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016]
No bibliographic information available. [Benz 2014; CalPal]
No bibliographic information available. [base SAPRO]
No bibliographic information available. [base ASPRO]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson et al. 1992 445]
No bibliographic information available. [CALPAL]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson 1998b 9]
No bibliographic information available. [PPND]
No bibliographic information available. [Zielhofer et al. 2012]
No bibliographic information available. [Riehl et al. 2012]
No bibliographic information available. [Rollefson et al. 1985 111]
Weninger, B. (2022). CalPal Edition 2022.9. Zenodo. https://doi.org/1010.5281/zenodo.7422618 [CalPal2022]
http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/index.php [CONTEXT]
Hinz, M., Furholt, M., Müller, J., Raetzel-Fabian, D., Rinne, C., Sjögren, K.-G., & Wotzka, H.-P. (2012). RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age. Journal of Neolithic Archaeology, 14, 1–4. https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116 [RADON]
Kneisel, J., Hinz, M., & Rinne, C. (2014). RADON-B – Radiocarbon Dates Online (Version 2014). Database for European 14C Dates for the Bronze and Early Iron Age [Data set]. https://radon-b.ufg.uni-kiel.de [RADON-B]
Palmisano, A., Bevan, A., Lawrence, D., & Shennan, S. (2022). The NERD Dataset: Near East Radiocarbon Dates between 15,000 and 1,500 Cal. Yr. BP. 10(0), 2. https://doi.org/10.5334/joad.90 [NERD]
Perrin, T. (2021). Base de Données Archéologique (BDA) [Data set]. NAKALA. https://doi.org/10.34847/nkl.dde9fnm8 [BDA]
Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]

@misc{Rollefson et al. 1992, 445,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson 1998b, 9,
  
}
@misc{Lee Database,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson 1998b,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson et al. 1985, 111,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson et al. 1992,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson et al. 1985,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998b,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson and Simmons 1988, Rollefson et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998b,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson et al. 1985, Rollefson et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998b,
  
}
@misc{Hedges et al. 1987, Rollefson and Simmons 1987, Hedges et al. 1989, Rollefson et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998b,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson and Simmons 1987, Rollefson et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998b,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson et al. 1992, Housley 1994, Rollefson 1998b,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson et al. 1992, Housley 1994, Waterbolk 1994, Rollefson 1998b,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998a,
  
}
@misc{Böhner/Schyle 2002-2006,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson et al. 1992; Rollefson 1998; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson 1998; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson et al. 1992; Benz 2014; CalPal; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson 1998; Benz 2014; Flohr et al. 2016,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson 1998; Benz 2014; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016,
  
}
@misc{Benz 2014;Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016,
  
}
@misc{CalPal; Hinz et al. 2012: http://radon-b.ufg.uni-kiel.de/samples/7172,
  
}
@misc{Keller et al. 2012; Benz 2014; Flohr et al. 2016,
  
}
@misc{Flohr et al. 2016,
  
}
@misc{Benz 2014; CalPal; Rollefson and Simmons 1988; Rollefson et al. 1992;  Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016,
  
}
@misc{Benz 2014; Rollefson et al. 1992; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016,
  
}
@misc{Benz 2014; Rollefson et al. 1992; CalPal; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson et al. 1992; Housley 1994; Rollefson 1998; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson et al. 1992; Benz 2014,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson et al. 1985; Rollefson et al. 1992; Benz 2014; CalPal; Flohr et al. 2016,
  
}
@misc{Benz 2014; CalPal,
  
}
@misc{base SAPRO,
  
}
@misc{base ASPRO,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson et al. 1992 445,
  
}
@misc{CALPAL,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson 1998b 9,
  
}
@misc{PPND,
  
}
@misc{Zielhofer et al. 2012,
  
}
@misc{Riehl et al. 2012,
  
}
@misc{Rollefson et al. 1985 111,
  
}
@misc{CalPal,
  title = {CalPal Edition 2022.9},
  author = {Weninger, Bernie},
  year = {2022},
  month = {sep},
  doi = {1010.5281/zenodo.7422618},
  url = {https://zenodo.org/record/7422618},
  abstract = {CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access},
  howpublished = {Zenodo},
  month_numeric = {9}
}
@misc{CONTEXT,
  url = {http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/index.php},
  note = {Schyle, D. & Böhner, U. 2006. Near Eastern radiocarbon CONTEXT database. https://doi.org/10.1594/GFZ.CONTEXT.ED1}
}
@article{RADON,
  title = {RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.},
  author = {Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter},
  date = {2012},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Neolithic Archaeology},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {1–4},
  url = {https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116},
  abstract = {In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}
}
@dataset{RADON-B,
  title = {RADON-B – Radiocarbon Dates Online (Version 2014).  Database for European 14C Dates for the Bronze and Early Iron Age},
  author = {Kneisel, Jutta and Hinz, Martin and Rinne, Christophe},
  date = {2014},
  url = {https://radon-b.ufg.uni-kiel.de},
  abstract = {The database provides a quick overview of 14C dates from Europe. The time frame was limited to the Bronze and Early Iron Ages and covers the period from 2300 BC to 500 BC. The database can be searched by geographic or chronological factors, but also according to the nature of the sample material, the sites or features. The data and related information were taken from the literature cited in each case, and due to the timing of phases and culture assignment, are subject to change. We therefore assume no responsibility for the accuracy of source data.}
}
@article{NERD,
  title = {The NERD Dataset: Near East Radiocarbon Dates between 15,000 and 1,500 Cal. Yr. BP},
  shorttitle = {The NERD Dataset},
  author = {Palmisano, Alessio and Bevan, Andrew and Lawrence, Dan and Shennan, Stephen},
  date = {2022-02-22},
  volume = {10},
  number = {0},
  pages = {2},
  publisher = {Ubiquity Press},
  issn = {2049-1565},
  doi = {10.5334/joad.90},
  url = {https://openarchaeologydata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/joad.90},
  urldate = {2023-09-07},
  abstract = {To our knowledge, the dataset described in this paper represents the largest existing repository of uncalibrated radiocarbon dates for the whole Near East from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene (15,000 – 1,500 cal. yr. BP). It is composed of 11,027 radiocarbon dates from 1,023 sites that have been collected comprehensively by cross-checking multiple sources (extant digital archives and databases, edited volumes, monographs, journals papers, archaeological excavation reports, etc.) under the umbrella of the Leverhulme Trust funded project “Changing the Face of the Mediterranean” and of the ERC project “CLASS – Climate, Landscape, Settlement and Society: Exploring Human-Environment Interaction in the Ancient Near East”. This is an ongoing dataset that will be updated step by step with newly published radiocarbon dates.},
  issue = {0},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/home/joeroe/g/work/library/2022/Palmisano_et_al_2022.pdf}
}
@dataset{BDA,
  title = {Base de Données Archéologique (BDA)},
  author = {Perrin, Thomas},
  date = {2021-02-03},
  publisher = {NAKALA},
  doi = {10.34847/nkl.dde9fnm8},
  url = {https://nakala.fr/10.34847/nkl.dde9fnm8},
  urldate = {2023-09-07},
  abstract = {Exports in .xlsx format of the main tables of the BDA database (Archaeological Database), available here https://bda.huma-num.fr/ in Filemaker Pro format.},
  langid = {french}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}

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Near Eastern radiocarbon CONTEXT database. https://doi.org/10.1594/GFZ.CONTEXT.ED1}"}][{"bibtex_key":"RADON","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}","author":"{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}","date":"{2012}","journaltitle":"{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}","volume":"{14}","pages":"{1–4}","url":"{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}","abstract":"{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}"}][{"bibtex_key":"RADON-B","bibtex_type":"dataset","title":"{RADON-B – Radiocarbon Dates Online (Version 2014).  Database for European 14C Dates for the Bronze and Early Iron Age}","author":"{Kneisel, Jutta and Hinz, Martin and Rinne, Christophe}","date":"{2014}","url":"{https://radon-b.ufg.uni-kiel.de}","abstract":"{The database provides a quick overview of 14C dates from Europe. The time frame was limited to the Bronze and Early Iron Ages and covers the period from 2300 BC to 500 BC. The database can be searched by geographic or chronological factors, but also according to the nature of the sample material, the sites or features. The data and related information were taken from the literature cited in each case, and due to the timing of phases and culture assignment, are subject to change. 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Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]

---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson et al. 1992, 445
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson 1998b, 9
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Lee Database
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson 1998b
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson et al. 1985, 111
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson et al. 1992
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson et al. 1985
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998b
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson and Simmons 1988, Rollefson et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998b
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson et al. 1985, Rollefson et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998b
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Hedges et al. 1987, Rollefson and Simmons 1987, Hedges et al. 1989, Rollefson
  et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998b
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson and Simmons 1987, Rollefson et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998b
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson et al. 1992, Housley 1994, Rollefson 1998b
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson et al. 1992, Housley 1994, Waterbolk 1994, Rollefson 1998b
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson et al. 1992, Rollefson 1998a
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Böhner/Schyle 2002-2006
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson et al. 1992; Rollefson 1998; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al.
  2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson 1998; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson et al. 1992; Benz 2014; CalPal; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et
  al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson 1998; Benz 2014; Flohr et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson 1998; Benz 2014; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Benz 2014;Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'CalPal; Hinz et al. 2012: http://radon-b.ufg.uni-kiel.de/samples/7172'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Keller et al. 2012; Benz 2014; Flohr et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Flohr et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Benz 2014; CalPal; Rollefson and Simmons 1988; Rollefson et al. 1992;  Maher
  et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Benz 2014; Rollefson et al. 1992; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Benz 2014; Rollefson et al. 1992; CalPal; Maher et al. 2011; Flohr et
  al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson et al. 1992; Housley 1994; Rollefson 1998; Maher et al. 2011;
  Flohr et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson et al. 1992; Benz 2014
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson et al. 1985; Rollefson et al. 1992; Benz 2014; CalPal; Flohr
  et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Benz 2014; CalPal
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: base SAPRO
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: base ASPRO
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson et al. 1992 445
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: CALPAL
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson 1998b 9
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: PPND
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Zielhofer et al. 2012
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Riehl et al. 2012
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rollefson et al. 1985 111
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: CalPal
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :title: "{CalPal Edition 2022.9}"
  :author: "{Weninger, Bernie}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{sep}"
  :doi: "{1010.5281/zenodo.7422618}"
  :url: "{https://zenodo.org/record/7422618}"
  :abstract: "{CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research
    for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.}"
  :copyright: "{Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access}"
  :howpublished: "{Zenodo}"
  :month_numeric: "{9}"
---
- :bibtex_key: CONTEXT
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/index.php}"
  :note: "{Schyle, D. & Böhner, U. 2006. Near Eastern radiocarbon CONTEXT database.
    https://doi.org/10.1594/GFZ.CONTEXT.ED1}"
---
- :bibtex_key: RADON
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C
    Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}"
  :author: "{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian,
    Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}"
  :date: "{2012}"
  :journaltitle: "{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}"
  :volume: "{14}"
  :pages: "{1–4}"
  :url: "{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}"
  :abstract: "{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific
    dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently
    of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller
    2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy,
    still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level,
    it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and
    that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as
    sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates,
    but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate
    results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e.
    g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This
    approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which
    we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has
    been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C
    data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia –
    is collected and successively augmented.}"
---
- :bibtex_key: RADON-B
  :bibtex_type: :dataset
  :title: "{RADON-B – Radiocarbon Dates Online (Version 2014).  Database for European
    14C Dates for the Bronze and Early Iron Age}"
  :author: "{Kneisel, Jutta and Hinz, Martin and Rinne, Christophe}"
  :date: "{2014}"
  :url: "{https://radon-b.ufg.uni-kiel.de}"
  :abstract: "{The database provides a quick overview of 14C dates from Europe. The
    time frame was limited to the Bronze and Early Iron Ages and covers the period
    from 2300 BC to 500 BC. The database can be searched by geographic or chronological
    factors, but also according to the nature of the sample material, the sites or
    features. The data and related information were taken from the literature cited
    in each case, and due to the timing of phases and culture assignment, are subject
    to change. We therefore assume no responsibility for the accuracy of source data.}"
---
- :bibtex_key: NERD
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{The NERD Dataset: Near East Radiocarbon Dates between 15,000 and 1,500
    Cal. Yr. BP}"
  :shorttitle: "{The NERD Dataset}"
  :author: "{Palmisano, Alessio and Bevan, Andrew and Lawrence, Dan and Shennan, Stephen}"
  :date: "{2022-02-22}"
  :volume: "{10}"
  :number: "{0}"
  :pages: "{2}"
  :publisher: "{Ubiquity Press}"
  :issn: "{2049-1565}"
  :doi: "{10.5334/joad.90}"
  :url: "{https://openarchaeologydata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/joad.90}"
  :urldate: "{2023-09-07}"
  :abstract: "{To our knowledge, the dataset described in this paper represents the
    largest existing repository of uncalibrated radiocarbon dates for the whole Near
    East from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene (15,000 – 1,500 cal. yr. BP).
    It is composed of 11,027 radiocarbon dates from 1,023 sites that have been collected
    comprehensively by cross-checking multiple sources (extant digital archives and
    databases, edited volumes, monographs, journals papers, archaeological excavation
    reports, etc.) under the umbrella of the Leverhulme Trust funded project “Changing
    the Face of the Mediterranean” and of the ERC project “CLASS – Climate, Landscape,
    Settlement and Society: Exploring Human-Environment Interaction in the Ancient
    Near East”. This is an ongoing dataset that will be updated step by step with
    newly published radiocarbon dates.}"
  :issue: "{0}"
  :langid: "{american}"
  :file: "{/home/joeroe/g/work/library/2022/Palmisano_et_al_2022.pdf}"
---
- :bibtex_key: BDA
  :bibtex_type: :dataset
  :title: "{Base de Données Archéologique (BDA)}"
  :author: "{Perrin, Thomas}"
  :date: "{2021-02-03}"
  :publisher: "{NAKALA}"
  :doi: "{10.34847/nkl.dde9fnm8}"
  :url: "{https://nakala.fr/10.34847/nkl.dde9fnm8}"
  :urldate: "{2023-09-07}"
  :abstract: "{Exports in .xlsx format of the main tables of the BDA database (Archaeological
    Database), available here https://bda.huma-num.fr/ in Filemaker Pro format.}"
  :langid: "{french}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog

Corrected name

Joe Roe 2023-12-21 16:23:25 UTC

Name:

Ain Ghazal → ʿAin Ghazal

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR

XRONOS development team 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC

Location

Radiocarbon dates (306)

Typological dates (304)

Bibliographic references

Changelog

Corrected name

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR