Kültepe – XRONOS

Site types

Settlement and

Location

Coordinates (degrees): 039.240° N, 045.330° E
Coordinates (DMS): 039° 14' 00" E, 045° 19' 00" N
Country (ISO 3166): Azerbaijan (AZ)

Lab ID	Context	Taxon	Method	Uncalibrated age	Calibrated age	References
Le-163		NA	14C	4880±90 BP	5892–5329 cal BP	Butomo 1965, Chataigner 1995 Weninger 2022
Le-434		NA	14C	4870±150 BP	5989–5142 cal BP	Dolukhanov and Romanovka 1970, Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972, Chataigner 1995 Weninger 2022
Le-477		NA	14C	5770±90 BP	6785–6322 cal BP	Artemev et al. 1961, Iessen 1965, Mellaart 1975, Chataigner 1995 Weninger 2022
LE-434		NA	NA	4870±150 BP	5989–5142 cal BP	Dolukhanov and Romanovka 1970, Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972, Chataigner 1995
LE-163		NA	NA	4880±90 BP	5892–5329 cal BP	Butomo 1965, Chataigner 1995
LE-477		NA	NA	5770±90 BP	6785–6322 cal BP	Artemev et al. 1961, Iessen 1965, Mellaart 1975, Chataigner 1995
Le-163	à 8,5 m de profondeur (niveau du Bronze Ancien)	NA	NA	4880±90 BP	5892–5329 cal BP	Butomo 1965; Chataigner 1995 Palmisano et al. 2022
LE-163	à 8,5 m de profondeur (niveau du Bronze Ancien)	NA	NA	4880±90 BP	5892–5329 cal BP	Butomo 1965; Chataigner 1995 Palmisano et al. 2022
LE-434	à 15,35 m de profondeur	NA	NA	4870±150 BP	5989–5142 cal BP	Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972, Chataigner 1995; Di Nocera 2000 Palmisano et al. 2022
Le-434	à 15,35 m de profondeur	NA	NA	4870±150 BP	5989–5142 cal BP	Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972; Chataigner 1995 Palmisano et al. 2022
LE-477	18.2m depth	NA	NA	5770±90 BP	6785–6322 cal BP	Chataigner 1995 Palmisano et al. 2022
Le-477	à 18,2 m de profondeur	NA	NA	5770±90 BP	6785–6322 cal BP	Chataigner 1995; CalPal Palmisano et al. 2022
LE-163		NA	NA	4880±90 BP	5892–5329 cal BP	Butomo 1965 Chataigner 1995 Bird et al. 2022
LE-434		NA	NA	4870±150 BP	5989–5142 cal BP	Dolukhanov and Romanovka 1970 Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972 Chataigner 1995 Bird et al. 2022
Le-163		NA	NA	4880±90 BP	5892–5329 cal BP	Butomo 1965 Chataigner 1995 Bird et al. 2022
Le-434		NA	NA	4870±150 BP	5989–5142 cal BP	Dolukhanov and Romanovka 1970 Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972 Chataigner 1995 Bird et al. 2022
Le-477		NA	NA	5770±90 BP	6785–6322 cal BP	Artemev et al. 1961 Iessen 1965 Mellaart 1975 Chataigner 1995 Bird et al. 2022

Classification	Estimated age	References
Bronze Age	NA	Butomo 1965, Chataigner 1995
Chalcolithic	NA	Dolukhanov and Romanovka 1970, Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972, Chataigner 1995
Chalcolithic	NA	Artemev et al. 1961, Iessen 1965, Mellaart 1975, Chataigner 1995
CH	NA	Dolukhanov and Romanovka 1970, Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972, Chataigner 1995
Chalc.	NA	NA
BR	NA	Butomo 1965, Chataigner 1995
BZ	NA	NA
CH	NA	Artemev et al. 1961, Iessen 1965, Mellaart 1975, Chataigner 1995
Chalc.	NA	NA

Bibliographic references

No bibliographic information available. [Butomo 1965, Chataigner 1995]
No bibliographic information available. [Dolukhanov and Romanovka 1970, Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972, Chataigner 1995]
No bibliographic information available. [Artemev et al. 1961, Iessen 1965, Mellaart 1975, Chataigner 1995]
No bibliographic information available. [Butomo 1965; Chataigner 1995]
No bibliographic information available. [Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972, Chataigner 1995; Di Nocera 2000]
No bibliographic information available. [Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972; Chataigner 1995]
No bibliographic information available. [Chataigner 1995]
No bibliographic information available. [Chataigner 1995; CalPal]
No bibliographic information available. [Butomo 1965 Chataigner 1995]
No bibliographic information available. [Dolukhanov and Romanovka 1970 Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972 Chataigner 1995]
No bibliographic information available. [Artemev et al. 1961 Iessen 1965 Mellaart 1975 Chataigner 1995]
Weninger, B. (2022). CalPal Edition 2022.9. Zenodo. https://doi.org/1010.5281/zenodo.7422618 [CalPal2022]
http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/index.php [CONTEXT]
Palmisano, A., Bevan, A., Lawrence, D., & Shennan, S. (2022). The NERD Dataset: Near East Radiocarbon Dates between 15,000 and 1,500 Cal. Yr. BP. 10(0), 2. https://doi.org/10.5334/joad.90 [NERD]
Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]

@misc{Butomo 1965, Chataigner 1995,
  
}
@misc{Dolukhanov and Romanovka 1970, Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972, Chataigner 1995,
  
}
@misc{Artemev et al. 1961, Iessen 1965, Mellaart 1975, Chataigner 1995,
  
}
@misc{Butomo 1965; Chataigner 1995,
  
}
@misc{Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972, Chataigner 1995; Di Nocera 2000,
  
}
@misc{Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972; Chataigner 1995,
  
}
@misc{Chataigner 1995,
  
}
@misc{Chataigner 1995; CalPal,
  
}
@misc{Butomo 1965 Chataigner 1995,
  
}
@misc{Dolukhanov and Romanovka 1970 Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972 Chataigner 1995,
  
}
@misc{Artemev et al. 1961 Iessen 1965 Mellaart 1975 Chataigner 1995,
  
}
@misc{CalPal,
  title = {CalPal Edition 2022.9},
  author = {Weninger, Bernie},
  year = {2022},
  month = {sep},
  doi = {1010.5281/zenodo.7422618},
  url = {https://zenodo.org/record/7422618},
  abstract = {CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access},
  howpublished = {Zenodo},
  month_numeric = {9}
}
@misc{CONTEXT,
  url = {http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/index.php},
  note = {Schyle, D. & Böhner, U. 2006. Near Eastern radiocarbon CONTEXT database. https://doi.org/10.1594/GFZ.CONTEXT.ED1}
}
@article{NERD,
  title = {The NERD Dataset: Near East Radiocarbon Dates between 15,000 and 1,500 Cal. Yr. BP},
  shorttitle = {The NERD Dataset},
  author = {Palmisano, Alessio and Bevan, Andrew and Lawrence, Dan and Shennan, Stephen},
  date = {2022-02-22},
  volume = {10},
  number = {0},
  pages = {2},
  publisher = {Ubiquity Press},
  issn = {2049-1565},
  doi = {10.5334/joad.90},
  url = {https://openarchaeologydata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/joad.90},
  urldate = {2023-09-07},
  abstract = {To our knowledge, the dataset described in this paper represents the largest existing repository of uncalibrated radiocarbon dates for the whole Near East from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene (15,000 – 1,500 cal. yr. BP). It is composed of 11,027 radiocarbon dates from 1,023 sites that have been collected comprehensively by cross-checking multiple sources (extant digital archives and databases, edited volumes, monographs, journals papers, archaeological excavation reports, etc.) under the umbrella of the Leverhulme Trust funded project “Changing the Face of the Mediterranean” and of the ERC project “CLASS – Climate, Landscape, Settlement and Society: Exploring Human-Environment Interaction in the Ancient Near East”. This is an ongoing dataset that will be updated step by step with newly published radiocarbon dates.},
  issue = {0},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/home/joeroe/g/work/library/2022/Palmisano_et_al_2022.pdf}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}

{"bibtex_key":"Butomo 1965, Chataigner 1995","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Dolukhanov and Romanovka 1970, Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972, Chataigner 1995","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Artemev et al. 1961, Iessen 1965, Mellaart 1975, Chataigner 1995","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Butomo 1965; Chataigner 1995","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972, Chataigner 1995; Di Nocera 2000","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972; Chataigner 1995","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Chataigner 1995","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Chataigner 1995; CalPal","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Butomo 1965 Chataigner 1995","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Dolukhanov and Romanovka 1970 Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972 Chataigner 1995","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Artemev et al. 1961 Iessen 1965 Mellaart 1975 Chataigner 1995","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"CalPal","bibtex_type":"misc","title":"{CalPal Edition 2022.9}","author":"{Weninger, Bernie}","year":"{2022}","month":"{sep}","doi":"{1010.5281/zenodo.7422618}","url":"{https://zenodo.org/record/7422618}","abstract":"{CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.}","copyright":"{Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access}","howpublished":"{Zenodo}","month_numeric":"{9}"}][{"bibtex_key":"CONTEXT","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/index.php}","note":"{Schyle, D. & Böhner, U. 2006. Near Eastern radiocarbon CONTEXT database. https://doi.org/10.1594/GFZ.CONTEXT.ED1}"}][{"bibtex_key":"NERD","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{The NERD Dataset: Near East Radiocarbon Dates between 15,000 and 1,500 Cal. Yr. BP}","shorttitle":"{The NERD Dataset}","author":"{Palmisano, Alessio and Bevan, Andrew and Lawrence, Dan and Shennan, Stephen}","date":"{2022-02-22}","volume":"{10}","number":"{0}","pages":"{2}","publisher":"{Ubiquity Press}","issn":"{2049-1565}","doi":"{10.5334/joad.90}","url":"{https://openarchaeologydata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/joad.90}","urldate":"{2023-09-07}","abstract":"{To our knowledge, the dataset described in this paper represents the largest existing repository of uncalibrated radiocarbon dates for the whole Near East from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene (15,000 – 1,500 cal. yr. BP). It is composed of 11,027 radiocarbon dates from 1,023 sites that have been collected comprehensively by cross-checking multiple sources (extant digital archives and databases, edited volumes, monographs, journals papers, archaeological excavation reports, etc.) under the umbrella of the Leverhulme Trust funded project “Changing the Face of the Mediterranean” and of the ERC project “CLASS – Climate, Landscape, Settlement and Society: Exploring Human-Environment Interaction in the Ancient Near East”. This is an ongoing dataset that will be updated step by step with newly published radiocarbon dates.}","issue":"{0}","langid":"{american}","file":"{/home/joeroe/g/work/library/2022/Palmisano_et_al_2022.pdf}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. 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---
:bibtex_key: Butomo 1965, Chataigner 1995
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Dolukhanov and Romanovka 1970, Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972, Chataigner
  1995
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Artemev et al. 1961, Iessen 1965, Mellaart 1975, Chataigner 1995
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Butomo 1965; Chataigner 1995
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972, Chataigner 1995; Di Nocera 2000
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972; Chataigner 1995
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Chataigner 1995
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Chataigner 1995; CalPal
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Butomo 1965 Chataigner 1995
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Dolukhanov and Romanovka 1970 Dolukhanov and Timofeev 1972 Chataigner
  1995
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Artemev et al. 1961 Iessen 1965 Mellaart 1975 Chataigner 1995
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: CalPal
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :title: "{CalPal Edition 2022.9}"
  :author: "{Weninger, Bernie}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{sep}"
  :doi: "{1010.5281/zenodo.7422618}"
  :url: "{https://zenodo.org/record/7422618}"
  :abstract: "{CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research
    for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.}"
  :copyright: "{Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access}"
  :howpublished: "{Zenodo}"
  :month_numeric: "{9}"
---
- :bibtex_key: CONTEXT
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/index.php}"
  :note: "{Schyle, D. & Böhner, U. 2006. Near Eastern radiocarbon CONTEXT database.
    https://doi.org/10.1594/GFZ.CONTEXT.ED1}"
---
- :bibtex_key: NERD
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{The NERD Dataset: Near East Radiocarbon Dates between 15,000 and 1,500
    Cal. Yr. BP}"
  :shorttitle: "{The NERD Dataset}"
  :author: "{Palmisano, Alessio and Bevan, Andrew and Lawrence, Dan and Shennan, Stephen}"
  :date: "{2022-02-22}"
  :volume: "{10}"
  :number: "{0}"
  :pages: "{2}"
  :publisher: "{Ubiquity Press}"
  :issn: "{2049-1565}"
  :doi: "{10.5334/joad.90}"
  :url: "{https://openarchaeologydata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/joad.90}"
  :urldate: "{2023-09-07}"
  :abstract: "{To our knowledge, the dataset described in this paper represents the
    largest existing repository of uncalibrated radiocarbon dates for the whole Near
    East from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene (15,000 – 1,500 cal. yr. BP).
    It is composed of 11,027 radiocarbon dates from 1,023 sites that have been collected
    comprehensively by cross-checking multiple sources (extant digital archives and
    databases, edited volumes, monographs, journals papers, archaeological excavation
    reports, etc.) under the umbrella of the Leverhulme Trust funded project “Changing
    the Face of the Mediterranean” and of the ERC project “CLASS – Climate, Landscape,
    Settlement and Society: Exploring Human-Environment Interaction in the Ancient
    Near East”. This is an ongoing dataset that will be updated step by step with
    newly published radiocarbon dates.}"
  :issue: "{0}"
  :langid: "{american}"
  :file: "{/home/joeroe/g/work/library/2022/Palmisano_et_al_2022.pdf}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR

XRONOS development team 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC

Location

Linked Data

Radiocarbon dates (17)

Typological dates (9)

Bibliographic references

Changelog

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR