Toteng 1 – XRONOS

Site type

Location

Coordinates (degrees): 020.360° S, 022.960° E
Coordinates (DMS): 020° 21' 00" E, 022° 57' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166): Botswana (BW)

Lab ID	Context	Material	Taxon	Method	Uncalibrated age	Calibrated age	References
AA-58186	NA	other	charcoal temper	AMS	1639±33 BP	1683–1410 cal BP	robbins2008rar
AA-58187	NA	other	charcoal temper	AMS	643±31 BP	666–554 cal BP	robbins2008rar
AA-58188	NA	other	charcoal temper	AMS	571±31 BP	643–526 cal BP	robbins2008rar
Beta-184609	NA	charcoal	NA	AMS	1560±60 BP	1545–1311 cal BP	robbins2008rar
Beta-186670	NA	charcoal	Bos taurus	AMS	1480±40 BP	1413–1297 cal BP	robbins2008rar
Beta-18669	NA	bone	Ovis aries	AMS	2020±40 BP	2097–1833 cal BP	robbins2008rar
Beta-1904888	NA	bone	Bos taurus	AMS	2070±40 BP	2144–1925 cal BP	robbins2008rar
Pta-5534	NA	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	1820±50 BP	1865–1589 cal BP	huffman1994tpo
AA-58186	NA	other	NA	NA	1639±33 BP	1683–1410 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022
AA-58187	NA	other	NA	NA	643±31 BP	666–554 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022
AA-58188	NA	other	NA	NA	571±31 BP	643–526 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022
Beta-184609	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	1560±60 BP	1545–1311 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022
Beta-186670	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	1480±40 BP	1413–1297 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022
Beta-18669	NA	bone	NA	NA	2020±40 BP	2097–1833 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022
Beta-1904888	NA	bone	NA	NA	2070±40 BP	2144–1925 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022
Pta-5534	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	1820±50 BP	1865–1589 cal BP	Smith A.B. Sadr K. Gribble J. and Yates R. 1991. Excavations in the south-western Cape South Africa and the archaeological identity of prehistoric hunter-gatherers within the last 2000 years.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.71-91. Bird et al. 2022

Classification	Estimated age	References
Iron Age	NA	robbins2008rar
Early Iron Age	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	robbins2008rar
Early Iron Age	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	robbins2008rar
Early Iron Age	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	robbins2008rar
Early Iron Age	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	robbins2008rar
Early Iron Age	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	robbins2008rar
Early Iron Age	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	robbins2008rar
Early Iron Age	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	huffman1994tpo
Early Iron Age	NA	NA

Bibliographic references

No bibliographic information available. [robbins2008rar]
No bibliographic information available. [huffman1994tpo]
No bibliographic information available. [SARD]
No bibliographic information available. [Smith A.B. Sadr K. Gribble J. and Yates R. 1991. Excavations in the south-western Cape South Africa and the archaeological identity of prehistoric hunter-gatherers within the last 2000 years.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.71-91.]
Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]
https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database [SARD]

@misc{robbins2008rar,
  
}
@misc{huffman1994tpo,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  
}
@misc{Smith A.B. Sadr K. Gribble J. and Yates R. 1991. Excavations in the south-western Cape South Africa and the archaeological identity of prehistoric hunter-gatherers within the last 2000 years.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.71-91.,
  
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}

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---
:bibtex_key: robbins2008rar
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: huffman1994tpo
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Smith A.B. Sadr K. Gribble J. and Yates R. 1991. Excavations in the south-western
  Cape South Africa and the archaeological identity of prehistoric hunter-gatherers
  within the last 2000 years.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.71-91.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"

Changelog

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR

XRONOS development team 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC

Location

Linked Data

Radiocarbon dates (16)

Typological dates (16)

Bibliographic references

Changelog

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR