Tortoise Cave
Archaeological site
in South Africa
Record created in XRONOS on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC.
Last updated on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC.
See changelog for details.
Contributors: XRONOS development team
Contributors: XRONOS development team
Location
Linked Data
There is no linked data available for this record.
Lab ID | Context | Material | Taxon | Method | Uncalibrated age | Calibrated age | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OxA-477 | Human burial UCT 433 | bone | Homo sapiens | AMS | 4050±100 BP | 4833–4257 cal BP | morris1992scs |
Pta-3309 | 2b FRAN | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 1580±50 BP | 1543–1355 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
Pta-3310 | 3a ABD II | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 1620±50 BP | 1685–1389 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
Pta-3311 | 3a TURNER | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 1610±50 BP | 1683–1380 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
Pta-3312 | 3a ALVIN | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 1680±50 BP | 1701–1415 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
Pta-3596 | 14 HOME | marine shell | NA | conventional 14C | 7700±70 BP | 8595–8384 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
Pta-3600 | 1a FUB | plant remains | NA | conventional 14C | 760±50 BP | 775–567 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
Pta-3604 | 6SM2 | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 3520±60 BP | 3975–3636 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
Pta-3605 | 13a DELTA | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 4330±50 BP | 5041–4830 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
Pta-3608a | 8 FU3 | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 4020±60 BP | 4806–4296 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
Pta-3608b | 10 MELANIE | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 4190±60 BP | 4852–4532 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
Pta-5479 | 13b ECHO | marine shell | NA | conventional 14C | 6910±80 BP | 7928–7610 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
Pta-5498 | 5a UM2 | marine shell | NA | conventional 14C | 3160±60 BP | 3483–3220 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
Pta-5615 | 3b X-RAY | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 1780±50 BP | 1818–1543 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
Pta-5616 | 3b VALIANT | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 1800±60 BP | 1826–1549 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
Pta-5662 | 5c REBEL | marine shell | NA | conventional 14C | 3410±60 BP | 3830–3488 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
Pta-5817 | 3a KTAT | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 1590±50 BP | 1549–1358 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
Pta-5855 | 2a LEN | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 1660±45 BP | 1694–1410 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
Pta-5981 | 14 GANDALF | marine shell | NA | conventional 14C | 5530±30 BP | 6394–6286 cal BP | jerardino1996csl |
OxA-477 | bone | NA | NA | 4050±100 BP | 4833–4257 cal BP | L. Iakovleva Recherches sur le PalÔøΩolithique supÔøΩrieur de l'Ukraine (1997-2000) XIVÔøΩme congrÔøΩs UISPP LiÔøΩge ERAUL 35-43. Chabai V. 2005. Kabasi II Simferopol-Cologne. Marks A. 2007. In: Hovers E. Int Contribution to Archaeology Bird et al. 2022 |
Classification | Estimated age | References |
---|---|---|
LSA | NA | morris1992scs |
NA | NA | |
LSA | NA | jerardino1996csl |
NA | NA | |
LSA | NA | jerardino1996csl |
NA | NA | |
LSA | NA | jerardino1996csl |
NA | NA | |
LSA | NA | jerardino1996csl |
NA | NA | |
LSA | NA | jerardino1996csl |
NA | NA | |
LSA | NA | jerardino1996csl |
NA | NA | |
LSA | NA | jerardino1996csl |
NA | NA | |
LSA | NA | jerardino1996csl |
NA | NA | |
LSA | NA | jerardino1996csl |
NA | NA |
Bibliographic references
- No bibliographic information available. [morris1992scs]
- No bibliographic information available. [jerardino1996csl]
- No bibliographic information available. [L. Iakovleva Recherches sur le PalÔøΩolithique supÔøΩrieur de l'Ukraine (1997-2000) XIVÔøΩme congrÔøΩs UISPP LiÔøΩge ERAUL 35-43. Chabai V. 2005. Kabasi II Simferopol-Cologne. Marks A. 2007. In: Hovers E. Int Contribution to Archaeology]
- No bibliographic information available. [Jerardino A. 2010. Large shell middens in Lamberts Bay South Africa: a case of hunter-gatherer resource intensification. Journal of Archaeological Science 37:2291–2302.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117]
- No bibliographic information available. [Avner et al. 1994 262-273]
- No bibliographic information available. [Voigt E. and De Villiers H. 1972. Preliminary report on Welgegund: an Iron Age burial site.The South African Archaeological Bulletin27(107/108) pp.155-163.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Sampson C.G. and Vogel J.C. 1995. Radiocarbon chronology of Later Stone Age pottery decorations in the upper Seacow Valley.Southern African Field Archaeology4(2) pp.84-94.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Jerardino A.M. Yates R. Morris A.G. and Sealy J.C. 1992. A dated human burial from the Namaqualand coast: observations on culture biology and diet.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.75-81.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Evers T.M. and Van der Merwe N.J. 1987. Iron Age Ceramics from Phalaborwa North Eastern Transvaal Lowveld South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.87-106.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Binneman J. 1996. Preliminary report on the investigations at Kulubele an Early Iron Age farming settlement in the Great Kei River Valley Eastern Cape. South African Field Archaeology. 5 28–35.]
- https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database [SARD]
- Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]
@misc{morris1992scs,
}
@misc{jerardino1996csl,
}
@misc{L. Iakovleva Recherches sur le PalÔøΩolithique supÔøΩrieur de l'Ukraine (1997-2000) XIVÔøΩme congrÔøΩs UISPP LiÔøΩge ERAUL 35-43. Chabai V. 2005. Kabasi II Simferopol-Cologne. Marks A. 2007. In: Hovers E. Int Contribution to Archaeology,
}
@misc{Jerardino AMS. 1996.Changing social landscapes of the western Cape coast of southern Africa over the last 4500 years(Doctoral dissertation University of Cape Town).,
}
@misc{Jerardino A. 2010. Large shell middens in Lamberts Bay South Africa: a case of hunter-gatherer resource intensification. Journal of Archaeological Science 37:2291–2302.,
}
@misc{Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117,
}
@misc{Avner et al. 1994 262-273,
}
@misc{Voigt E. and De Villiers H. 1972. Preliminary report on Welgegund: an Iron Age burial site.The South African Archaeological Bulletin27(107/108) pp.155-163.,
}
@misc{Sampson C.G. and Vogel J.C. 1995. Radiocarbon chronology of Later Stone Age pottery decorations in the upper Seacow Valley.Southern African Field Archaeology4(2) pp.84-94.,
}
@misc{Jerardino A.M. Yates R. Morris A.G. and Sealy J.C. 1992. A dated human burial from the Namaqualand coast: observations on culture biology and diet.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.75-81.,
}
@misc{Evers T.M. and Van der Merwe N.J. 1987. Iron Age Ceramics from Phalaborwa North Eastern Transvaal Lowveld South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.87-106.,
}
@misc{Binneman J. 1996. Preliminary report on the investigations at Kulubele an Early Iron Age farming settlement in the Great Kei River Valley Eastern Cape. South African Field Archaeology. 5 28–35.,
}
@misc{SARD,
url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
year = {2022},
month = {jan},
journal = {Scientific Data},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {27},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2052-4463},
doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
langid = {english},
keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"morris1992scs","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"jerardino1996csl","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"L. Iakovleva Recherches sur le PalÔøΩolithique supÔøΩrieur de l'Ukraine (1997-2000) XIVÔøΩme congrÔøΩs UISPP LiÔøΩge ERAUL 35-43. Chabai V. 2005. Kabasi II Simferopol-Cologne. Marks A. 2007. In: Hovers E. Int Contribution to Archaeology","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Jerardino AMS. 1996.Changing social landscapes of the western Cape coast of southern Africa over the last 4500 years(Doctoral dissertation University of Cape Town).","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Jerardino A. 2010. Large shell middens in Lamberts Bay South Africa: a case of hunter-gatherer resource intensification. Journal of Archaeological Science 37:2291–2302.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Avner et al. 1994 262-273","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Voigt E. and De Villiers H. 1972. Preliminary report on Welgegund: an Iron Age burial site.The South African Archaeological Bulletin27(107/108) pp.155-163.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Sampson C.G. and Vogel J.C. 1995. Radiocarbon chronology of Later Stone Age pottery decorations in the upper Seacow Valley.Southern African Field Archaeology4(2) pp.84-94.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Jerardino A.M. Yates R. Morris A.G. and Sealy J.C. 1992. A dated human burial from the Namaqualand coast: observations on culture biology and diet.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.75-81.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Evers T.M. and Van der Merwe N.J. 1987. Iron Age Ceramics from Phalaborwa North Eastern Transvaal Lowveld South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.87-106.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Binneman J. 1996. Preliminary report on the investigations at Kulubele an Early Iron Age farming settlement in the Great Kei River Valley Eastern Cape. South African Field Archaeology. 5 28–35.","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: morris1992scs
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: jerardino1996csl
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'L. Iakovleva Recherches sur le PalÔøΩolithique supÔøΩrieur de l''Ukraine
(1997-2000) XIVÔøΩme congrÔøΩs UISPP LiÔøΩge ERAUL 35-43. Chabai V. 2005. Kabasi
II Simferopol-Cologne. Marks A. 2007. In: Hovers E. Int Contribution to Archaeology'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Jerardino AMS. 1996.Changing social landscapes of the western Cape coast
of southern Africa over the last 4500 years(Doctoral dissertation University of
Cape Town).
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Jerardino A. 2010. Large shell middens in Lamberts Bay South Africa:
a case of hunter-gatherer resource intensification. Journal of Archaeological Science
37:2291–2302.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III.
Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Avner et al. 1994 262-273
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Voigt E. and De Villiers H. 1972. Preliminary report on Welgegund: an
Iron Age burial site.The South African Archaeological Bulletin27(107/108) pp.155-163.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Sampson C.G. and Vogel J.C. 1995. Radiocarbon chronology of Later Stone
Age pottery decorations in the upper Seacow Valley.Southern African Field Archaeology4(2)
pp.84-94.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Jerardino A.M. Yates R. Morris A.G. and Sealy J.C. 1992. A dated human
burial from the Namaqualand coast: observations on culture biology and diet.The
South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.75-81.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Evers T.M. and Van der Merwe N.J. 1987. Iron Age Ceramics from Phalaborwa
North Eastern Transvaal Lowveld South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin
pp.87-106.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Binneman J. 1996. Preliminary report on the investigations at Kulubele
an Early Iron Age farming settlement in the Great Kei River Valley Eastern Cape.
South African Field Archaeology. 5 28–35.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
:url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
:note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
:bibtex_type: :article
:title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
:author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
Jacob}"
:year: "{2022}"
:month: "{jan}"
:journal: "{Scientific Data}"
:volume: "{9}"
:number: "{1}"
:pages: "{27}"
:publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
:issn: "{2052-4463}"
:doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
:abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
:copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
:langid: "{english}"
:keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
:month_numeric: "{1}"