Site type

Location

Coordinates (degrees)
025.870° S, 027.330° E
Coordinates (DMS)
025° 52' 00" E, 027° 19' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166)
South Africa (ZA)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (14)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
GrN-5306 Ash heap 36” charcoal NA conventional 14C 100±20 BP mason1986obp
GrN-5306 charcoal NA NA 100±20 BP Vogel J. 1970. Groningen radiocarbon dates IX.Radiocarbon12(2) pp.444-471. Bird et al. 2022
GrN-5305 charcoal NA NA 180±50 BP Mason R.J. 1986.Origins of black people of Johannesburg and the southern western central Transvaal AD 350-1880. Occasional Paper 16. Johannesburg: Archaeological Research Unit Witwatersrand University. Bird et al. 2022
GrN-5305 Ash heap 20-24” charcoal NA conventional 14C 180±50 BP mason1986obp
RL-189 charcoal NA NA 250±90 BP OWSA WY-62-82LARSON AND FRANCIS 1997 Bird et al. 2022
RL-189 Hut BK charcoal NA conventional 14C 250±90 BP mason1986obp
GrN-5304 Ash heap 0-6” charcoal NA conventional 14C 255±20 BP mason1986obp
GrN-5304 charcoal NA NA 255±20 BP Mason R.J. 1986.Origins of black people of Johannesburg and the southern western central Transvaal AD 350-1880. Occasional Paper 16. Johannesburg: Archaeological Research Unit Witwatersrand University. Bird et al. 2022
RL-187 Hut N charcoal NA conventional 14C 330±90 BP mason1986obp
RL-187 charcoal NA NA 330±90 BP TUCEK 1984 Bird et al. 2022
RL-186 charcoal NA NA 400±110 BP KORNFELD 1995 Bird et al. 2022
RL-186 Ash heap VI base charcoal NA conventional 14C 400±110 BP mason1986obp
RL-201 Ash heap base charcoal NA conventional 14C 510±90 BP mason1986obp
RL-201 charcoal NA NA 510±90 BP Mason R.J. 1986.Origins of black people of Johannesburg and the southern western central Transvaal AD 350-1880. Occasional Paper 16. Johannesburg: Archaeological Research Unit Witwatersrand University. Bird et al. 2022

typological date Typological dates (14)

Classification Estimated age References
Iron Age NA mason1986obp
Later Iron Age NA NA
Iron Age NA mason1986obp
Later Iron Age NA NA
Iron Age NA mason1986obp
Later Iron Age NA NA
Iron Age NA mason1986obp
Later Iron Age NA NA
Iron Age NA mason1986obp
Later Iron Age NA NA
Iron Age NA mason1986obp
Later Iron Age NA NA
Iron Age NA mason1986obp
Later Iron Age NA NA

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references 

@misc{mason1986obp,
  
}
@misc{Mason R.J. 1986.Origins of black people of Johannesburg and the southern western central Transvaal AD 350-1880. Occasional Paper 16. Johannesburg: Archaeological Research Unit Witwatersrand University.,
  
}
@misc{Vogel J. 1970. Groningen radiocarbon dates IX.Radiocarbon12(2) pp.444-471.,
  
}
@misc{KORNFELD 1995,
  
}
@misc{TUCEK 1984,
  
}
@misc{OWSA WY-62-82LARSON AND FRANCIS 1997,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}

{"bibtex_key":"mason1986obp","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mason R.J. 1986.Origins of black people of Johannesburg and the southern western central Transvaal AD 350-1880. Occasional Paper 16. Johannesburg: Archaeological Research Unit Witwatersrand University.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel J. 1970. Groningen radiocarbon dates IX.Radiocarbon12(2) pp.444-471.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"KORNFELD 1995","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"TUCEK 1984","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"OWSA WY-62-82LARSON AND FRANCIS 1997","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: mason1986obp
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Mason R.J. 1986.Origins of black people of Johannesburg and the southern
  western central Transvaal AD 350-1880. Occasional Paper 16. Johannesburg: Archaeological
  Research Unit Witwatersrand University.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Vogel J. 1970. Groningen radiocarbon dates IX.Radiocarbon12(2) pp.444-471.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: KORNFELD 1995
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: TUCEK 1984
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: OWSA WY-62-82LARSON AND FRANCIS 1997
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog