Melikane
Archaeological site
in Lesotho
Record created in XRONOS on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC.
Last updated on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC.
See changelog for details.
Contributors: XRONOS development team
Contributors: XRONOS development team
Location
Lab ID | Context | Material | Taxon | Method | Uncalibrated age | Calibrated age | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OxA-22791 | 9 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 33950±700 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-22792 | 10 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 34000±700 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-22793 | 20 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 42600±1600 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-22794 | 19 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 37900±750 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-22837 | Layer 3 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 445±22 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-22838 | 5 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 3112±25 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-22839 | 8 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 34190±390 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-22963 | 6 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 333±23 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-22964 | 8 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 35600±450 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-22965 | Layer 1 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 254±22 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-22966 | Layer 2 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 3047±27 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-22967 | Layer 3 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 207±22 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-22968 | Layer 2 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 270±22 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-23028 | 5 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 20000±190 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-23029 | 8 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 34200±750 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-23030 | 12 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 33200±1200 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-23031 | 14 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 34150±640 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-23032 | 7 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 35400±900 BP | stewart2012afp | |
OxA-23040 | 6 | charcoal | NA | AMS | 32040±370 BP | stewart2012afp | |
Pta-1330 | 15 | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 42300±2100 BP | vogel1986prd |
Classification | Estimated age | References |
---|---|---|
MSA | NA | stewart2012afp |
Final MSA | NA | NA |
MSA | NA | stewart2012afp |
Final MSA | NA | NA |
MSA | NA | stewart2012afp |
Final MSA | NA | NA |
MSA | NA | stewart2012afp |
Final MSA | NA | NA |
NA | stewart2012afp | |
LSA | NA | stewart2012afp |
NA | NA | |
MSA | NA | stewart2012afp |
Final MSA | NA | NA |
NA | stewart2012afp | |
MSA | NA | stewart2012afp |
Final MSA | NA | NA |
NA | stewart2012afp | |
LSA | NA | stewart2012afp |
NA | NA | |
NA | stewart2012afp |
Bibliographic references
- No bibliographic information available. [stewart2012afp]
- No bibliographic information available. [vogel1986prd]
- No bibliographic information available. [Stewart B.A. Dewar G.I. Morley M.W. Inglis R.H. Wheeler M. Jacobs Z. and Roberts R.G. 2012. Afromontane foragers of the Late Pleistocene: Site formation chronology and occupational pulsing at Melikane Rockshelter Lesotho.Quaternary International270 pp.40-60.]
- No bibliographic information available. [SARD]
- No bibliographic information available. [Taborin Y. 1988. Dictionnaire de la Prehistoire. Paris. Langlais M. 2012. QI 272-273: 138-149.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117]
- No bibliographic information available. [Maggs T.O.C. 1976.Iron Age communities of the southern Highveld(No. 2). Council of the Natal Museum.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Weinstein-Evron 1991 Carmi and Segal 1992]
- No bibliographic information available. [Huffman TN. 2007. Handbook to the Iron Age: The archaeology of pre-colonial farming societies in southern Africa. University of KwaZulu Natal Press Pietermaritzberg]
- No bibliographic information available. [Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80]
- https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database [SARD]
- Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]
@misc{stewart2012afp,
}
@misc{vogel1986prd,
}
@misc{Stewart B.A. Dewar G.I. Morley M.W. Inglis R.H. Wheeler M. Jacobs Z. and Roberts R.G. 2012. Afromontane foragers of the Late Pleistocene: Site formation chronology and occupational pulsing at Melikane Rockshelter Lesotho.Quaternary International270 pp.40-60.,
}
@misc{SARD,
}
@misc{Taborin Y. 1988. Dictionnaire de la Prehistoire. Paris. Langlais M. 2012. QI 272-273: 138-149.,
}
@misc{Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117,
}
@misc{Maggs T.O.C. 1976.Iron Age communities of the southern Highveld(No. 2). Council of the Natal Museum.,
}
@misc{Weinstein-Evron 1991 Carmi and Segal 1992,
}
@misc{Huffman TN. 2007. Handbook to the Iron Age: The archaeology of pre-colonial farming societies in southern Africa. University of KwaZulu Natal Press Pietermaritzberg,
}
@misc{Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80,
}
@misc{SARD,
url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
year = {2022},
month = {jan},
journal = {Scientific Data},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {27},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2052-4463},
doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
langid = {english},
keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"stewart2012afp","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"vogel1986prd","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Stewart B.A. Dewar G.I. Morley M.W. Inglis R.H. Wheeler M. Jacobs Z. and Roberts R.G. 2012. Afromontane foragers of the Late Pleistocene: Site formation chronology and occupational pulsing at Melikane Rockshelter Lesotho.Quaternary International270 pp.40-60.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Taborin Y. 1988. Dictionnaire de la Prehistoire. Paris. Langlais M. 2012. QI 272-273: 138-149.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Maggs T.O.C. 1976.Iron Age communities of the southern Highveld(No. 2). Council of the Natal Museum.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Weinstein-Evron 1991 Carmi and Segal 1992","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Huffman TN. 2007. Handbook to the Iron Age: The archaeology of pre-colonial farming societies in southern Africa. University of KwaZulu Natal Press Pietermaritzberg","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: stewart2012afp
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: vogel1986prd
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Stewart B.A. Dewar G.I. Morley M.W. Inglis R.H. Wheeler M. Jacobs Z.
and Roberts R.G. 2012. Afromontane foragers of the Late Pleistocene: Site formation
chronology and occupational pulsing at Melikane Rockshelter Lesotho.Quaternary International270
pp.40-60.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Taborin Y. 1988. Dictionnaire de la Prehistoire. Paris. Langlais M. 2012.
QI 272-273: 138-149.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III.
Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Maggs T.O.C. 1976.Iron Age communities of the southern Highveld(No. 2).
Council of the Natal Museum.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Weinstein-Evron 1991 Carmi and Segal 1992
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Huffman TN. 2007. Handbook to the Iron Age: The archaeology of pre-colonial
farming societies in southern Africa. University of KwaZulu Natal Press Pietermaritzberg'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon
23: 43-80'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
:url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
:note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
:bibtex_type: :article
:title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
:author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
Jacob}"
:year: "{2022}"
:month: "{jan}"
:journal: "{Scientific Data}"
:volume: "{9}"
:number: "{1}"
:pages: "{27}"
:publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
:issn: "{2052-4463}"
:doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
:abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
:copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
:langid: "{english}"
:keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
:month_numeric: "{1}"