Site type

Location

Coordinates (degrees)
029.736° S, 028.763° E
Coordinates (DMS)
029° 44' 00" E, 028° 45' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166)
Lesotho (LS)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (38)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
GrA-23232 Phase B, Layer XV charcoal NA conventional 14C 3355±45 BP 3692–3467 cal BP mitchell2011brh
GrA-23233 Phase B, Layer XIII bone NA conventional 14C 2810±45 BP 3058–2782 cal BP mitchell2011brh
GrA-23236 Phase B, Layer XIII bone NA conventional 14C 2555±45 BP 2756–2493 cal BP mitchell2011brh
GrA-23237 Phase D, Layer I bone Ovis aries conventional 14C 1285±40 BP 1294–1080 cal BP mitchell2011brh
GrA-23239 Phase B, Layer XIII charcoal NA conventional 14C 2860±45 BP 3144–2859 cal BP mitchell2011brh
GrA-23535 Phase A, Layer XVII charcoal NA conventional 14C 3110±50 BP 3446–3183 cal BP mitchell2011brh
GrA-26178 Phase A, Layer XVII bone Taurotragus oryx conventional 14C 2875±35 BP 3141–2879 cal BP mitchell2011brh
GrA-26831 Phase D, Layer I iron NA conventional 14C 1290±30 BP 1285–1177 cal BP mitchell2011brh
Pta-7092 Phase C, Layer V charcoal NA conventional 14C 1850±40 BP 1867–1629 cal BP mitchell2011brh
Pta-7093 Phase B, Layer XIII charcoal NA conventional 14C 2650±60 BP 2920–2523 cal BP mitchell2011brh
Pta-7097 Phase C, Layer III charcoal NA conventional 14C 1850±15 BP 1820–1712 cal BP mitchell2011brh
Pta-7098 Phase C, Layer VII/IX charcoal NA conventional 14C 2060±45 BP 2142–1887 cal BP mitchell2011brh
Pta-7101 Phase B, Layer XI charcoal NA conventional 14C 2390±60 BP 2705–2331 cal BP mitchell2011brh
Pta-7865 Phase C, Layer III charcoal NA conventional 14C 1830±15 BP 1740–1708 cal BP mitchell2011brh
Pta-7870 Phase C, Layer V charcoal NA conventional 14C 2100±80 BP 2313–1875 cal BP mitchell2011brh
Pta-7876 Phase C, Layer VII/IX charcoal NA conventional 14C 2020±60 BP 2142–1797 cal BP mitchell2011brh
Pta-7877 Phase D, Layer I charcoal NA conventional 14C 1310±80 BP 1355–1009 cal BP mitchell2011brh
Pta-9048 Phase C, Layer V charcoal NA conventional 14C 2000±70 BP 2115–1745 cal BP mitchell2011brh
BRAMS-2613 NA lipids NA AMS 1481±27 BP 1395–1308 cal BP fewlass2020ced
BRAMS-2613 NA lipids NA AMS 1481±27 BP 1395–1308 cal BP Shotton 1968 Bird et al. 2022

typological date Typological dates (38)

Classification Estimated age References
LSA NA mitchell2011brh
Final LSA NA NA
LSA NA mitchell2011brh
Final LSA NA NA
LSA NA mitchell2011brh
Final LSA NA NA
LSA NA mitchell2011brh
Ceramic LSA NA NA
LSA NA mitchell2011brh
Final LSA NA NA
LSA NA mitchell2011brh
Final LSA NA NA
LSA NA mitchell2011brh
Final LSA NA NA
LSA NA mitchell2011brh
Ceramic LSA NA NA
LSA NA mitchell2011brh
Final LSA NA NA
LSA NA mitchell2011brh
Final LSA NA NA

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references

@misc{Manen 2019,
  
}
@misc{Shotton 1968,
  
}
@misc{fewlass2020ced,
  
}
@misc{mitchell2011brh,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  
}
@misc{Robinson 2012 Ducrocq 2009,
  
}
@misc{Mitchell P. Plug I. Bailey G. Charles R. Esterhuysen A. Thorp J.L. Parker A. and Woodborne S. 2011. Beyond the drip-line: a high-resolution open-air Holocene hunter-gatherer sequence from highland Lesotho.Antiquity85(330) pp.1225-1242.,
  
}
@misc{Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.,
  
}
@misc{Parkington J. Fisher Jr J.W. and Tonner T.W. 2009.  The fires are constant the shelters are whims: A feature map of Later Stone Age campsites at the Dunefield Midden site Western Cape province South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.104-121.,
  
}
@misc{Carter P.L. Mitchell P.J. and Vinnicombe P. 1988. Sehonghong: The Middle and Later Stone Age industrial sequence at a Lesotho rockshelter. British Archaeological Reports International Series.,
  
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
{"bibtex_key":"Manen 2019","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Shotton 1968","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"fewlass2020ced","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"mitchell2011brh","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Robinson 2012 Ducrocq 2009","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mitchell P. Plug I. Bailey G. Charles R. Esterhuysen A. Thorp J.L. Parker A. and Woodborne S. 2011. Beyond the drip-line: a high-resolution open-air Holocene hunter-gatherer sequence from highland Lesotho.Antiquity85(330) pp.1225-1242.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Parkington J. Fisher Jr J.W. and Tonner T.W. 2009.  The fires are constant the shelters are whims: A feature map of Later Stone Age campsites at the Dunefield Midden site Western Cape province South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.104-121.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Carter P.L. Mitchell P.J. and Vinnicombe P. 1988. Sehonghong: The Middle and Later Stone Age industrial sequence at a Lesotho rockshelter. British Archaeological Reports International Series.","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}][{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: Manen 2019
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Shotton 1968
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: fewlass2020ced
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: mitchell2011brh
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Robinson 2012 Ducrocq 2009
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Mitchell P. Plug I. Bailey G. Charles R. Esterhuysen A. Thorp J.L. Parker
  A. and Woodborne S. 2011. Beyond the drip-line: a high-resolution open-air Holocene
  hunter-gatherer sequence from highland Lesotho.Antiquity85(330) pp.1225-1242.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo
  Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Parkington J. Fisher Jr J.W. and Tonner T.W. 2009.  The fires are constant
  the shelters are whims: A feature map of Later Stone Age campsites at the Dunefield
  Midden site Western Cape province South Africa.The South African Archaeological
  Bulletin pp.104-121.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Carter P.L. Mitchell P.J. and Vinnicombe P. 1988. Sehonghong: The Middle
  and Later Stone Age industrial sequence at a Lesotho rockshelter. British Archaeological
  Reports International Series.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"

Changelog