Site type

Location

Coordinates (degrees)
023.959° S, 031.091° E
Coordinates (DMS)
023° 57' 00" E, 031° 05' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166)
South Africa (ZA)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (18)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
Pta-339 NA NA 80±45 BP 270–10 cal BP Bollong CA Vogel JC Jacobson L Van der Westhuizen WA and Sampson CG 1993. Direct dating and identity of fiber temper in pre-contact Bushman (Masarwa) pottery. Journal of Archaeological Science 20: 41-55. Bird et al. 2022
Pta-339 NA conventional 14C 80±45 BP 270–10 cal BP evers1987cpn
Y-1658 charcoal NA conventional 14C 280±60 BP 492–17 cal BP evers1987cpn
Y-1658 charcoal NA NA 280±60 BP 492–17 cal BP Evers T.M. and Van der Merwe N.J. 1987. Iron Age Ceramics from Phalaborwa North Eastern Transvaal Lowveld South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.87-106. Bird et al. 2022
Y-1657 charcoal NA NA 520±60 BP 650–475 cal BP Evers T.M. and Van der Merwe N.J. 1987. Iron Age Ceramics from Phalaborwa North Eastern Transvaal Lowveld South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.87-106. Bird et al. 2022
Y-1657 charcoal NA conventional 14C 520±60 BP 650–475 cal BP evers1987cpn
Pta-566 bone NA NA 680±45 BP 682–554 cal BP Jerardino AMS. 1996.Changing social landscapes of the western Cape coast of southern Africa over the last 4500 years(Doctoral dissertation University of Cape Town). Bird et al. 2022
Pta-566 bone Homo sapiens conventional 14C 680±45 BP 682–554 cal BP evers1987cpn
Pta-338 NA conventional 14C 720±45 BP 726–562 cal BP evers1987cpn
Pta-338 NA NA 720±45 BP 726–562 cal BP Goring-Morris 1978 Bar-Yosef 1991 Goring-Morris 1991 Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994 Schyle 1996 Bird et al. 2022
Y-1662 NA conventional 14C 820±80 BP 916–651 cal BP evers1987cpn
Y-1662 NA NA 820±80 BP 916–651 cal BP Mulholland 1984; Stuiver 1969: 606 Bird et al. 2022
Y-1639 NA NA 850±60 BP 909–674 cal BP SARD Bird et al. 2022
Y-1639 NA conventional 14C 850±60 BP 909–674 cal BP evers1987cpn
Y-1637 NA NA 910±60 BP 927–693 cal BP Evers T.M. and Van der Merwe N.J. 1987. Iron Age Ceramics from Phalaborwa North Eastern Transvaal Lowveld South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.87-106. Bird et al. 2022
Y-1637 NA conventional 14C 910±60 BP 927–693 cal BP evers1987cpn
Y-1638 NA NA 960±80 BP 1053–691 cal BP Evers T.M. and Van der Merwe N.J. 1987. Iron Age Ceramics from Phalaborwa North Eastern Transvaal Lowveld South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.87-106. Bird et al. 2022
Y-1638 NA conventional 14C 960±80 BP 1053–691 cal BP evers1987cpn

typological date Typological dates (18)

Classification Estimated age References
Iron Age NA evers1987cpn
Early Iron Age NA NA
Iron Age NA evers1987cpn
Later Iron Age NA NA
Iron Age NA evers1987cpn
Early Iron Age NA NA
Iron Age NA evers1987cpn
Early Iron Age NA NA
Iron Age NA evers1987cpn
Early Iron Age NA NA
Iron Age NA evers1987cpn
Early Iron Age NA NA
Iron Age NA evers1987cpn
Later Iron Age NA NA
Iron Age NA evers1987cpn
Later Iron Age NA NA
Iron Age NA evers1987cpn
Early Iron Age NA NA

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references 

@misc{evers1987cpn,
  
}
@misc{Goring-Morris 1978 Bar-Yosef 1991 Goring-Morris 1991 Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994 Schyle 1996,
  
}
@misc{Bollong CA Vogel JC Jacobson L Van der Westhuizen WA and Sampson CG 1993. Direct dating and identity of fiber temper in pre-contact Bushman (Masarwa) pottery. Journal of Archaeological Science 20: 41-55.,
  
}
@misc{Jerardino AMS. 1996.Changing social landscapes of the western Cape coast of southern Africa over the last 4500 years(Doctoral dissertation University of Cape Town).,
  
}
@misc{Evers T.M. and Van der Merwe N.J. 1987. Iron Age Ceramics from Phalaborwa North Eastern Transvaal Lowveld South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.87-106.,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  
}
@misc{Mulholland 1984; Stuiver 1969: 606,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}

{"bibtex_key":"evers1987cpn","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Goring-Morris 1978 Bar-Yosef 1991 Goring-Morris 1991 Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994 Schyle 1996","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Bollong CA Vogel JC Jacobson L Van der Westhuizen WA and Sampson CG 1993. Direct dating and identity of fiber temper in pre-contact Bushman (Masarwa) pottery. Journal of Archaeological Science 20: 41-55.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Jerardino AMS. 1996.Changing social landscapes of the western Cape coast of southern Africa over the last 4500 years(Doctoral dissertation University of Cape Town).","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Evers T.M. and Van der Merwe N.J. 1987. Iron Age Ceramics from Phalaborwa North Eastern Transvaal Lowveld South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.87-106.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mulholland 1984; Stuiver 1969: 606","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: evers1987cpn
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Goring-Morris 1978 Bar-Yosef 1991 Goring-Morris 1991 Kuijt and Bar-Yosef
  1994 Schyle 1996
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Bollong CA Vogel JC Jacobson L Van der Westhuizen WA and Sampson CG
  1993. Direct dating and identity of fiber temper in pre-contact Bushman (Masarwa)
  pottery. Journal of Archaeological Science 20: 41-55.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Jerardino AMS. 1996.Changing social landscapes of the western Cape coast
  of southern Africa over the last 4500 years(Doctoral dissertation University of
  Cape Town).
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Evers T.M. and Van der Merwe N.J. 1987. Iron Age Ceramics from Phalaborwa
  North Eastern Transvaal Lowveld South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin
  pp.87-106.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Mulholland 1984; Stuiver 1969: 606'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog