Holkrans – XRONOS

Site type

Location

Coordinates (degrees): 026.850° S, 027.283° E
Coordinates (DMS): 026° 51' 00" E, 027° 16' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166): South Africa (ZA)

Lab ID	Context	Material	Taxon	Method	Uncalibrated age	Calibrated age	References
Beta-265300	Spit 11	charcoal	NA	AMS	2320±50 BP	2607–2153 cal BP	witelson2016pdl
Beta-265301	Spit 7	charcoal	NA	AMS	190±40 BP	306–60 cal BP	witelson2016pdl
Beta-284940	Spit 5	charcoal	NA	AMS	270±40 BP	459–151 cal BP	witelson2016pdl
Beta-284941	Spit 9	charcoal	NA	AMS	1830±40 BP	1829–1620 cal BP	witelson2016pdl
Beta-287473	Spit10	charcoal	NA	AMS	1080±40 BP	1061–925 cal BP	witelson2016pdl
Beta-287474	Spit 4	charcoal	NA	AMS	140±40 BP	280–5 cal BP	witelson2016pdl
Beta-304269	Spit 3	charcoal	NA	AMS	970±40 BP	956–786 cal BP	witelson2016pdl
Beta-304270	Spit 5	charcoal	NA	AMS	900±40 BP	911–731 cal BP	witelson2016pdl
Beta-304271	Spit 7	charcoal	NA	AMS	760±40 BP	734–651 cal BP	witelson2016pdl
Beta-304272	Spit 2	charcoal	NA	AMS	60±40 BP	265–22 cal BP	witelson2016pdl
Beta-304273	Spit 9	charcoal	NA	AMS	1430±40 BP	1379–1290 cal BP	witelson2016pdl
Beta-265300	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	2320±50 BP	2607–2153 cal BP	Witelson D. 2016. A preliminary description of lithic technology at Holkrans rock shelter Vredefort dome South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin71(203) p.60. Bird et al. 2022
Beta-265301	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	190±40 BP	306–60 cal BP	METCALF ET AL. 1993 Bird et al. 2022
Beta-284940	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	270±40 BP	459–151 cal BP	Witelson D. 2016. A preliminary description of lithic technology at Holkrans rock shelter Vredefort dome South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin71(203) p.60. Bird et al. 2022
Beta-284941	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	1830±40 BP	1829–1620 cal BP	Kerber 1997 1999; Kerber et al. 1989; Leveillee 1993 Bird et al. 2022
Beta-287473	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	1080±40 BP	1061–925 cal BP	Witelson D. 2016. A preliminary description of lithic technology at Holkrans rock shelter Vredefort dome South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin71(203) p.60. Bird et al. 2022
Beta-287474	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	140±40 BP	280–5 cal BP	Robins et al. 1998 Bird et al. 2022
Beta-304269	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	970±40 BP	956–786 cal BP	Gilreath Hildebrandt 1995 Bird et al. 2022
Beta-304270	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	900±40 BP	911–731 cal BP	Witelson D. 2016. A preliminary description of lithic technology at Holkrans rock shelter Vredefort dome South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin71(203) p.60. Bird et al. 2022
Beta-304271	NA	charcoal	NA	NA	760±40 BP	734–651 cal BP	Witelson D. 2016. A preliminary description of lithic technology at Holkrans rock shelter Vredefort dome South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin71(203) p.60. Bird et al. 2022

Classification	Estimated age	References
LSA	NA	witelson2016pdl
	NA	NA
LSA	NA	witelson2016pdl
	NA	NA
LSA	NA	witelson2016pdl
	NA	NA
LSA	NA	witelson2016pdl
	NA	NA
LSA	NA	witelson2016pdl
	NA	NA
LSA	NA	witelson2016pdl
	NA	NA
LSA	NA	witelson2016pdl
	NA	NA
LSA	NA	witelson2016pdl
	NA	NA
LSA	NA	witelson2016pdl
	NA	NA
LSA	NA	witelson2016pdl
	NA	NA

Bibliographic references

No bibliographic information available. [Robins et al. 1998]
No bibliographic information available. [Peuramaki-Brown 2012:683]
No bibliographic information available. [witelson2016pdl]
No bibliographic information available. [Kerber 1997 1999; Kerber et al. 1989; Leveillee 1993]
No bibliographic information available. [Witelson D. 2016. A preliminary description of lithic technology at Holkrans rock shelter Vredefort dome South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin71(203) p.60.]
No bibliographic information available. [METCALF ET AL. 1993]
No bibliographic information available. [Gilreath Hildebrandt 1995]
Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]
https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database [SARD]

@misc{Robins et al. 1998,
  
}
@misc{Peuramaki-Brown 2012:683,
  
}
@misc{witelson2016pdl,
  
}
@misc{Kerber 1997 1999; Kerber et al. 1989; Leveillee 1993,
  
}
@misc{Witelson D. 2016. A preliminary description of lithic technology at Holkrans rock shelter Vredefort dome South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin71(203) p.60.,
  
}
@misc{METCALF ET AL. 1993,
  
}
@misc{Gilreath Hildebrandt 1995,
  
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}

{"bibtex_key":"Robins et al. 1998","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Peuramaki-Brown 2012:683","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"witelson2016pdl","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kerber 1997 1999; Kerber et al. 1989; Leveillee 1993","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Witelson D. 2016. A preliminary description of lithic technology at Holkrans rock shelter Vredefort dome South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin71(203) p.60.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"METCALF ET AL. 1993","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Gilreath Hildebrandt 1995","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}][{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}]

---
:bibtex_key: Robins et al. 1998
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Peuramaki-Brown 2012:683
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: witelson2016pdl
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Kerber 1997 1999; Kerber et al. 1989; Leveillee 1993
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Witelson D. 2016. A preliminary description of lithic technology at Holkrans
  rock shelter Vredefort dome South Africa.South African Archaeological Bulletin71(203)
  p.60.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: METCALF ET AL. 1993
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Gilreath Hildebrandt 1995
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"

Changelog

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR

XRONOS development team 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC

Location

Linked Data

Radiocarbon dates (22)

Typological dates (22)

Bibliographic references

Changelog

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR