Site type

Location

Coordinates (degrees)
029.333° S, 027.800° E
Coordinates (DMS)
029° 19' 00" E, 027° 48' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166)
Lesotho (LS)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (51)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
OxA-27311 5 charcoal NA AMS 8595±45 BP 9670–9490 cal BP mitchell2014mls
OxA-27312 6 charcoal NA AMS 9115±40 BP 10380–10200 cal BP mitchell2014mls
OxA-27313 6 charcoal NA AMS 9215±45 BP 10499–10249 cal BP mitchell2014mls
OxA-27314 7 charcoal NA AMS 10135±45 BP 11936–11407 cal BP mitchell2014mls
OxA-27315 7 charcoal NA AMS 10125±45 BP 11933–11405 cal BP mitchell2014mls
OxA-27316 7 charcoal NA AMS 10190±45 BP 11991–11652 cal BP mitchell2014mls
OxA-27317 65 charcoal NA AMS 39450±700 BP 44060–42296 cal BP mitchell2014mls
OxA-27318 190 charcoal NA AMS NA can not be calculated cal BP mitchell2014mls
OxA-X-2470-48 carbon black from painting other NA AMS 390±70 BP 528–305 cal BP bonneau2016sds
OxA-X-2470-49 carbon black from painting other NA AMS 300±65 BP 501–150 cal BP bonneau2016sds
OxA-X-2495-27 carbon black from painting other NA AMS 470±90 BP 646–313 cal BP bonneau2016sds
OxA-X-2555-26 carbon black from painting other NA AMS 575±75 BP 670–501 cal BP bonneau2016sds
OxA-X-2555-39 carbon black from painting other NA AMS 410±130 BP 658–141 cal BP bonneau2016sds
OxA-X-2555-40 carbon black from painting other NA AMS 760±120 BP 915–543 cal BP bonneau2016sds
Pta-5191 4 charcoal NA conventional 14C 8370±80 BP 9531–9138 cal BP mitchell2014mls
Pta-5192 5 charcoal NA conventional 14C 8950±80 BP 10242–9774 cal BP mitchell2014mls
Pta-5204 6 charcoal NA conventional 14C 9290±90 BP 10685–10249 cal BP mitchell2014mls
Pta-5205 7 charcoal NA conventional 14C 9970±90 BP 11808–11230 cal BP mitchell2014mls
UGAMS-11594 66 charcoal NA AMS 12580±35 BP 15100–14876 cal BP mitchell2014mls
UGAMS-11595   161 charcoal NA AMS 25470±70 BP 29992–29635 cal BP mitchell2014mls

typological date Typological dates (54)

Classification Estimated age References
LSA NA mitchell2014mls
Oakhurst NA NA
LSA NA mitchell2014mls
Oakhurst NA NA
LSA NA mitchell2014mls
Oakhurst NA NA
LSA NA mitchell2014mls
Oakhurst NA NA
LSA NA mitchell2014mls
Oakhurst NA NA
LSA NA mitchell2014mls
Oakhurst NA NA
MSA NA mitchell2014mls
NA NA
MSA NA mitchell2014mls
NA NA
LSA NA bonneau2016sds
NA NA
LSA NA bonneau2016sds
NA NA

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references

@misc{mitchell2014mls,
  
}
@misc{bonneau2016sds,
  
}
@misc{Mitchell P. and Arthur C. 2014. Ha Makotoko: Later Stone Age Occupation across the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition in Western Lesotho.Journal of African Archaeology12(2) pp.205-232.,
  
}
@misc{Bonneau A. Staff R.A. Higham T. Brock F. Pearce D.G. and Mitchell P.J. 2017. Successfully dating rock art in southern Africa using improved sampling methods and new characterization and pretreatment protocols.Radiocarbon59(3) pp.659-677.,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  
}
@misc{Oross et al. 2016,
  
}
@misc{Patrick M.K. 1989.An archaeological anthropological study of the human skeletal remains from the Oakhurst Rockshelter George Cape Province Southern Africa(Doctoral dissertation University of Cape Town).,
  
}
@misc{Mitchell P.J. 1993. Archaeological Investigations at two Lesotho Rock-shelters: Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Assemblages from Ha Makotoko and Ntloana Tsoana. InProceedings of the Prehistoric Society(Vol. 59 pp. 39-60). Cambridge University Press.,
  
}
@misc{Orton J. 2012.Late Holocene archaeology in Namaqualand South Africa: hunter-gatherers and herders in a semi-arid environment(Doctoral dissertation University of Oxford).,
  
}
@misc{Gutierrez-Zugasti J.  / Quaternary International xxx (2017) 1-12.,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"mitchell2014mls","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"bonneau2016sds","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mitchell P. and Arthur C. 2014. Ha Makotoko: Later Stone Age Occupation across the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition in Western Lesotho.Journal of African Archaeology12(2) pp.205-232.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Bonneau A. Staff R.A. Higham T. Brock F. Pearce D.G. and Mitchell P.J. 2017. Successfully dating rock art in southern Africa using improved sampling methods and new characterization and pretreatment protocols.Radiocarbon59(3) pp.659-677.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Oross et al. 2016","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Patrick M.K. 1989.An archaeological anthropological study of the human skeletal remains from the Oakhurst Rockshelter George Cape Province Southern Africa(Doctoral dissertation University of Cape Town).","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mitchell P.J. 1993. Archaeological Investigations at two Lesotho Rock-shelters: Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Assemblages from Ha Makotoko and Ntloana Tsoana. InProceedings of the Prehistoric Society(Vol. 59 pp. 39-60). Cambridge University Press.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Orton J. 2012.Late Holocene archaeology in Namaqualand South Africa: hunter-gatherers and herders in a semi-arid environment(Doctoral dissertation University of Oxford).","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Gutierrez-Zugasti J.  / Quaternary International xxx (2017) 1-12.","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: mitchell2014mls
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: bonneau2016sds
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Mitchell P. and Arthur C. 2014. Ha Makotoko: Later Stone Age Occupation
  across the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition in Western Lesotho.Journal of African
  Archaeology12(2) pp.205-232.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Bonneau A. Staff R.A. Higham T. Brock F. Pearce D.G. and Mitchell P.J.
  2017. Successfully dating rock art in southern Africa using improved sampling methods
  and new characterization and pretreatment protocols.Radiocarbon59(3) pp.659-677.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Oross et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Patrick M.K. 1989.An archaeological anthropological study of the human
  skeletal remains from the Oakhurst Rockshelter George Cape Province Southern Africa(Doctoral
  dissertation University of Cape Town).
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Mitchell P.J. 1993. Archaeological Investigations at two Lesotho Rock-shelters:
  Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Assemblages from Ha Makotoko and Ntloana Tsoana.
  InProceedings of the Prehistoric Society(Vol. 59 pp. 39-60). Cambridge University
  Press.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Orton J. 2012.Late Holocene archaeology in Namaqualand South Africa:
  hunter-gatherers and herders in a semi-arid environment(Doctoral dissertation University
  of Oxford).'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Gutierrez-Zugasti J.  / Quaternary International xxx (2017) 1-12.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog