Great Zimbabwe

Site type

Location

Coordinates (degrees): 020.271° S, 030.933° E
Coordinates (DMS): 020° 16' 00" E, 030° 55' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166): Zimbabwe (ZW)

Lab ID	Material	Taxon	Method	Uncalibrated age	Calibrated age	References
Pta-2711	charcoal	NA	NA	370±50 BP	504–313 cal BP	Opperman H. 1987.The Later Stone Age of the Drakensberg range and its foothills(Vol. 339). British Archaeological Reports: Oxford. Bird et al. 2022
Pta-5970	charcoal	NA	NA	590±50 BP	655–525 cal BP	Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57. Bird et al. 2022
Pta-745	charcoal	NA	NA	670±30 BP	672–560 cal BP	Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57. Bird et al. 2022
Pta-792	wood	NA	NA	650±50 BP	673–550 cal BP	Humphreys A.J.B. 2009. A Riet River retrospective.Southern African Humanities21(1) pp.157-175. Bird et al. 2022
SR-47	charcoal	NA	NA	570±90 BP	684–340 cal BP	Linseele V. 2007 Bird et al. 2022

Classification	Estimated age	References
Iron Age	NA	huffman1991cgz
	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	robinson1961ecd
	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	robinson1961ecd
	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	huffman1991cgz
	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	huffman1991cgz
	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	huffman1991cgz
	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	huffman1991cgz
	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	robinson1961ecd
	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	robinson1961ecd
	NA	NA
Iron Age	NA	robinson1961ecd
	NA	NA

Bibliographic references

No bibliographic information available. [huffman1991cgz]
No bibliographic information available. [robinson1961ecd]
No bibliographic information available. [chirikure2013bcg]
No bibliographic information available. [sheppard1966rrm]
No bibliographic information available. [Robinson K.R. 1961. An early iron-age site from the Chibi district Southern Rhodesia.The South African Archaeological Bulletin16(63) pp.75-102.]
No bibliographic information available. [Crane and Griffin 1959: 37; Faunmap 1914]
No bibliographic information available. [Humphreys AJB. 1975. Burchell's Shelter: The history and archaeology of a northern Cape rock shelter.The South African Archaeological Bulletin30(117/118) pp.3-18.]
No bibliographic information available. [Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.]
No bibliographic information available. [Parkington J. 1992. Making sense of sequence at the Elands Bay cave western Cape South Africa.Guide to archaeological sites in the south-western Cape6 p.12.]
No bibliographic information available. [Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80]
No bibliographic information available. [Huffman T.N. and Vogel J.C. 1991. The chronology of Great Zimbabwe.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.61-70.]
No bibliographic information available. [Hall M. 1980. An iron-smelting site in the Hluhluwe Game Reserve Zululand.Annals of the Natal Museum24(1) pp.165-175.]
No bibliographic information available. [CONTEXT after Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994; Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994; PPND]
No bibliographic information available. [Opperman H. 1987.The Later Stone Age of the Drakensberg range and its foothills(Vol. 339). British Archaeological Reports: Oxford.]
No bibliographic information available. [Humphreys A.J.B. 2009. A Riet River retrospective.Southern African Humanities21(1) pp.157-175.]
No bibliographic information available. [Linseele V. 2007]
https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database [SARD]
Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]

@misc{huffman1991cgz,
  
}
@misc{robinson1961ecd,
  
}
@misc{chirikure2013bcg,
  
}
@misc{sheppard1966rrm,
  
}
@misc{Robinson K.R. 1961. An early iron-age site from the Chibi district Southern Rhodesia.The South African Archaeological Bulletin16(63) pp.75-102.,
  
}
@misc{Crane and Griffin 1959: 37; Faunmap 1914,
  
}
@misc{Humphreys AJB. 1975. Burchell's Shelter: The history and archaeology of a northern Cape rock shelter.The South African Archaeological Bulletin30(117/118) pp.3-18.,
  
}
@misc{Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.,
  
}
@misc{Parkington J. 1992. Making sense of sequence at the Elands Bay cave western Cape South Africa.Guide to archaeological sites in the south-western Cape6 p.12.,
  
}
@misc{Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80,
  
}
@misc{Huffman T.N. and Vogel J.C. 1991. The chronology of Great Zimbabwe.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.61-70.,
  
}
@misc{Hall M. 1980. An iron-smelting site in the Hluhluwe Game Reserve Zululand.Annals of the Natal Museum24(1) pp.165-175.,
  
}
@misc{CONTEXT after Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994; Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994; PPND,
  
}
@misc{Opperman H. 1987.The Later Stone Age of the Drakensberg range and its foothills(Vol. 339). British Archaeological Reports: Oxford.,
  
}
@misc{Humphreys A.J.B. 2009. A Riet River retrospective.Southern African Humanities21(1) pp.157-175.,
  
}
@misc{Linseele V. 2007,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}

{"bibtex_key":"huffman1991cgz","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"robinson1961ecd","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"chirikure2013bcg","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"sheppard1966rrm","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Robinson K.R. 1961. An early iron-age site from the Chibi district Southern Rhodesia.The South African Archaeological Bulletin16(63) pp.75-102.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Crane and Griffin 1959: 37; Faunmap 1914","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Humphreys AJB. 1975. Burchell's Shelter: The history and archaeology of a northern Cape rock shelter.The South African Archaeological Bulletin30(117/118) pp.3-18.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Parkington J. 1992. Making sense of sequence at the Elands Bay cave western Cape South Africa.Guide to archaeological sites in the south-western Cape6 p.12.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Huffman T.N. and Vogel J.C. 1991. The chronology of Great Zimbabwe.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.61-70.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Hall M. 1980. An iron-smelting site in the Hluhluwe Game Reserve Zululand.Annals of the Natal Museum24(1) pp.165-175.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"CONTEXT after Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994; Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994; PPND","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Opperman H. 1987.The Later Stone Age of the Drakensberg range and its foothills(Vol. 339). British Archaeological Reports: Oxford.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Humphreys A.J.B. 2009. A Riet River retrospective.Southern African Humanities21(1) pp.157-175.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Linseele V. 2007","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]

---
:bibtex_key: huffman1991cgz
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: robinson1961ecd
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: chirikure2013bcg
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: sheppard1966rrm
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Robinson K.R. 1961. An early iron-age site from the Chibi district Southern
  Rhodesia.The South African Archaeological Bulletin16(63) pp.75-102.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Crane and Griffin 1959: 37; Faunmap 1914'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Humphreys AJB. 1975. Burchell''s Shelter: The history and archaeology
  of a northern Cape rock shelter.The South African Archaeological Bulletin30(117/118)
  pp.3-18.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo
  Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Parkington J. 1992. Making sense of sequence at the Elands Bay cave western
  Cape South Africa.Guide to archaeological sites in the south-western Cape6 p.12.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon
  23: 43-80'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Huffman T.N. and Vogel J.C. 1991. The chronology of Great Zimbabwe.The
  South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.61-70.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Hall M. 1980. An iron-smelting site in the Hluhluwe Game Reserve Zululand.Annals
  of the Natal Museum24(1) pp.165-175.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: CONTEXT after Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994; Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994; PPND
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Opperman H. 1987.The Later Stone Age of the Drakensberg range and its
  foothills(Vol. 339). British Archaeological Reports: Oxford.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Humphreys A.J.B. 2009. A Riet River retrospective.Southern African Humanities21(1)
  pp.157-175.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Linseele V. 2007
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR

XRONOS development team 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC

Location

Linked Data

Radiocarbon dates (45)

Typological dates (46)

Bibliographic references

Changelog

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR