Site type

Location

Coordinates (degrees)
032.125° S, 018.614° E
Coordinates (DMS)
032° 07' 00" E, 018° 36' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166)
South Africa (ZA)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (26)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
Pta-4809 Layer 2 - BbMAC charcoal NA conventional 14C 4420±60 BP 5283–4861 cal BP manhire1993ref
Pta-4811 Layer 1 plant remains NA conventional 14C 670±50 BP 680–551 cal BP manhire1993ref
Pta-4816 Layer 3 - CBA charcoal NA conventional 14C 10810±100 BP 12996–12618 cal BP manhire1993ref
Pta-4817 Layer 4 - ABS charcoal NA conventional 14C 11550±120 BP 13732–13169 cal BP manhire1993ref
Pta-4822 Layer 5 - DBS2 charcoal NA conventional 14C 16500±160 BP 20320–19545 cal BP manhire1993ref
Pta-4954 Layer 2 - MAC charcoal NA conventional 14C 2510±60 BP 2744–2369 cal BP manhire1993ref
Pta-4955 Layer 2 - MAC charcoal NA conventional 14C 2000±70 BP 2115–1745 cal BP manhire1993ref
Pta-4964 bone Homo sapiens conventional 14C 2150±70 BP 2330–1950 cal BP sealy1992dca
Pta-4965 bone Homo sapiens conventional 14C 2090±60 BP 2302–1886 cal BP sealy1992dca
Pta-4967 bone Homo sapiens conventional 14C 2130±45 BP 2304–1952 cal BP sealy1992dca
Pta-5281 bone Homo sapiens conventional 14C 2130±60 BP 2310–1945 cal BP sealy1992dca
Pta-5283 bone Homo sapiens conventional 14C 2000±50 BP 2100–1821 cal BP sealy1992dca
Pta-5284 bone Homo sapiens conventional 14C 2110±70 BP 2311–1892 cal BP sealy1992dca
Pta-4809 charcoal NA NA 4420±60 BP 5283–4861 cal BP Manhire A. 1993. A report on the excavations at Faraoskop Rock Shelter in the Graafwater district of the south-western Cape.Southern African Field Archaeology2 pp.3-23. Bird et al. 2022
Pta-4811 plant remains NA NA 670±50 BP 680–551 cal BP Pfeiffer S. Sealy J. Harrington L. Loftus E. and Maggs T. 2020. A Late Holocene community burial area: Evidence of diverse mortuary practices in the Western Cape South Africa.Plos one15(4) p.e0230391. Bird et al. 2022
Pta-4816 charcoal NA NA 10810±100 BP 12996–12618 cal BP Manhire A. 1993. A report on the excavations at Faraoskop Rock Shelter in the Graafwater district of the south-western Cape.Southern African Field Archaeology2 pp.3-23. Bird et al. 2022
Pta-4817 charcoal NA NA 11550±120 BP 13732–13169 cal BP Manhire A. 1993. A report on the excavations at Faraoskop Rock Shelter in the Graafwater district of the south-western Cape.Southern African Field Archaeology2 pp.3-23. Bird et al. 2022
Pta-4822 charcoal NA NA 16500±160 BP 20320–19545 cal BP Mazel A.D. 1990. Mhlwazini Cave: the excavation of late Holocene deposits in the northern Natal Drakensberg Natal South Africa.Southern African Humanities2(11) pp.95-133. Bird et al. 2022
Pta-4954 charcoal NA NA 2510±60 BP 2744–2369 cal BP Manhire A. 1993. A report on the excavations at Faraoskop Rock Shelter in the Graafwater district of the south-western Cape.Southern African Field Archaeology2 pp.3-23. Bird et al. 2022
Pta-4955 charcoal NA NA 2000±70 BP 2115–1745 cal BP Sealy JC Patrick MK Morris AG and Alder D. 1992. Diet and dental caries among later stone age inhabitants of the Cape Province South Africa.American Journal of Physical Anthropology88(2) pp.123-134. Bird et al. 2022

typological date Typological dates (26)

Classification Estimated age References
LSA NA manhire1993ref
NA NA
LSA NA manhire1993ref
Final LSA NA NA
LSA NA manhire1993ref
NA NA
LSA NA manhire1993ref
Robberg NA NA
LSA NA manhire1993ref
Robberg NA NA
LSA NA manhire1993ref
NA NA
LSA NA manhire1993ref
Final LSA NA NA
LSA NA sealy1992dca
Final LSA NA NA
LSA NA sealy1992dca
Final LSA NA NA
LSA NA sealy1992dca
Final LSA NA NA

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references

@misc{manhire1993ref,
  
}
@misc{sealy1992dca,
  
}
@misc{Manhire A. 1993. A report on the excavations at Faraoskop Rock Shelter in the Graafwater district of the south-western Cape.Southern African Field Archaeology2 pp.3-23.,
  
}
@misc{Pfeiffer S. Sealy J. Harrington L. Loftus E. and Maggs T. 2020. A Late Holocene community burial area: Evidence of diverse mortuary practices in the Western Cape South Africa.Plos one15(4) p.e0230391.,
  
}
@misc{Mazel A.D. 1990. Mhlwazini Cave: the excavation of late Holocene deposits in the northern Natal Drakensberg Natal South Africa.Southern African Humanities2(11) pp.95-133.,
  
}
@misc{Sealy JC Patrick MK Morris AG and Alder D. 1992. Diet and dental caries among later stone age inhabitants of the Cape Province South Africa.American Journal of Physical Anthropology88(2) pp.123-134.,
  
}
@misc{Villa P. Soriano S. Tsanova T. Degano I. Higham T.F. d’Errico F. Backwell L. Lucejko J.J. Colombini M.P. and Beaumont P.B. 2012. Border cave and the beginning of the later stone age in South Africa.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences109(33) pp.13208-13213.,
  
}
@misc{Huffman TN. 2007. Handbook to the Iron Age: The archaeology of pre-colonial farming societies in southern Africa. University of KwaZulu Natal Press Pietermaritzberg,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"manhire1993ref","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"sealy1992dca","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Manhire A. 1993. A report on the excavations at Faraoskop Rock Shelter in the Graafwater district of the south-western Cape.Southern African Field Archaeology2 pp.3-23.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Pfeiffer S. Sealy J. Harrington L. Loftus E. and Maggs T. 2020. A Late Holocene community burial area: Evidence of diverse mortuary practices in the Western Cape South Africa.Plos one15(4) p.e0230391.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mazel A.D. 1990. Mhlwazini Cave: the excavation of late Holocene deposits in the northern Natal Drakensberg Natal South Africa.Southern African Humanities2(11) pp.95-133.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Sealy JC Patrick MK Morris AG and Alder D. 1992. Diet and dental caries among later stone age inhabitants of the Cape Province South Africa.American Journal of Physical Anthropology88(2) pp.123-134.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Villa P. Soriano S. Tsanova T. Degano I. Higham T.F. d’Errico F. Backwell L. Lucejko J.J. Colombini M.P. and Beaumont P.B. 2012. Border cave and the beginning of the later stone age in South Africa.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences109(33) pp.13208-13213.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Huffman TN. 2007. Handbook to the Iron Age: The archaeology of pre-colonial farming societies in southern Africa. University of KwaZulu Natal Press Pietermaritzberg","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: manhire1993ref
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: sealy1992dca
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Manhire A. 1993. A report on the excavations at Faraoskop Rock Shelter
  in the Graafwater district of the south-western Cape.Southern African Field Archaeology2
  pp.3-23.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Pfeiffer S. Sealy J. Harrington L. Loftus E. and Maggs T. 2020. A Late
  Holocene community burial area: Evidence of diverse mortuary practices in the Western
  Cape South Africa.Plos one15(4) p.e0230391.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Mazel A.D. 1990. Mhlwazini Cave: the excavation of late Holocene deposits
  in the northern Natal Drakensberg Natal South Africa.Southern African Humanities2(11)
  pp.95-133.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Sealy JC Patrick MK Morris AG and Alder D. 1992. Diet and dental caries
  among later stone age inhabitants of the Cape Province South Africa.American Journal
  of Physical Anthropology88(2) pp.123-134.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Villa P. Soriano S. Tsanova T. Degano I. Higham T.F. d’Errico F. Backwell
  L. Lucejko J.J. Colombini M.P. and Beaumont P.B. 2012. Border cave and the beginning
  of the later stone age in South Africa.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences109(33)
  pp.13208-13213.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Huffman TN. 2007. Handbook to the Iron Age: The archaeology of pre-colonial
  farming societies in southern Africa. University of KwaZulu Natal Press Pietermaritzberg'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog