Site type

Location

Coordinates (degrees)
032.317° S, 018.318° E
Coordinates (DMS)
032° 19' 00" E, 018° 19' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166)
South Africa (ZA)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (111)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
AA-5832 MARO eggshell Struthio camelus conventional 14C 8110±90 BP parkington1992mss
AA-5833 SMOK NA AMS 10840±70 BP parkington1992mss
AA-5834 SOSE NA AMS 11415±80 BP parkington1992mss
GaK 4338 DS02 NA conventional 14C 12450±280 BP parkington1992mss
GaK-4335 ALMJ NA conventional 14C 1120±85 BP parkington1992mss
GaK-4336 EDDI NA conventional 14C 20±70 BP parkington1992mss
GaK-4337 RAYI NA conventional 14C 1520±80 BP parkington1992mss
GaK-4339 JOFR plant remains NA conventional 14C 2950±115 BP parkington1992mss
GifA-13001/SacA-31983 Dorothee pit charcoal NA AMS 15830±60 BP tribolo2016cpd
GifA-13002/SacA-31984 Dorothee charcoal NA AMS 15970±60 BP tribolo2016cpd
GifA-13003/SacA-31985 Fael charcoal NA AMS 19120±90 BP tribolo2016cpd
GifA-13004/SacA-31986 Farik charcoal NA AMS 18720±90 BP tribolo2016cpd
GifA-13006/SacA-31988 Frida charcoal NA AMS 18780±90 BP tribolo2016cpd
GifA-13007/SacA-31989 Fro charcoal NA AMS 19100±90 BP tribolo2016cpd
GifA-13008/SacA-31990 Fro charcoal NA AMS 19960±100 BP tribolo2016cpd
GifA-13009/SacA-31991 Ibis charcoal NA AMS 33270±430 BP tribolo2016cpd
OxA-456 YMFD bone Homo sapiens AMS 9800±160 BP parkington1992mss
OxA-478 ALBA bone Homo sapiens AMS 10860±180 BP parkington1992mss
Pta- 1597 DS06 charcoal NA conventional 14C 20180±220 BP parkington1992mss
Pta- 4321 MOS1 NA conventional 14C 13600±140 BP parkington1992mss

typological date Typological dates (113)

Classification Estimated age References
LSA NA parkington1992mss
NA NA
LSA NA parkington1992mss
Oakhurst NA NA
LSA NA parkington1992mss
Robberg NA NA
LSA NA parkington1992mss
Robberg NA NA
LSA NA parkington1992mss
Wilton NA NA
NA parkington1992mss
LSA NA parkington1992mss
Wilton NA NA
LSA NA parkington1992mss
Wilton NA NA
LSA NA tribolo2016cpd
Robberg NA NA
LSA NA tribolo2016cpd
Robberg NA NA
LSA NA tribolo2016cpd

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references 

@misc{parkington1992mss,
  
}
@misc{tribolo2016cpd,
  
}
@misc{orton2006lsl,
  
}
@misc{fairhall1976uwd,
  
}
@misc{Parkington J. 1992. Making sense of sequence at the Elands Bay cave western Cape South Africa.Guide to archaeological sites in the south-western Cape6 p.12.,
  
}
@misc{Bárcena et al. 1985,
  
}
@misc{Blake 1983;  Hutchinson 1992,
  
}
@misc{Tribolo C. Mercier N. Valladas H. Lefrais Y. Miller C.E. Parkington J.E. and Porraz G. 2016. Chronology of the Pleistocene deposits at Elands Bay Cave (South Africa) based on charcoals burnt lithics and sedimentary quartz and feldspar grains.Southern African Humanities29 pp.129-52.,
  
}
@misc{Quiles A.  2014. Radiocarbon 56: 833-850. Faigenbaum-Golovin S.  2016. PNAS 113: 4670-4675.,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  
}
@misc{Kaplan J. 1990. The Umhlatuzana rock shelter sequence: 100 000 years of Stone Age history.Southern African Humanities2(11) pp.1-94.,
  
}
@misc{Vogel JC and Marais M. 1971. Pretoria radiocarbon dates I. Radiocarbon 13: 378-394,
  
}
@misc{Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.,
  
}
@misc{Humphreys AJ and Thackeray AI. 1983.Ghaap and Gariep: Later Stone Age studies in the northern Cape(No. 2). South African Archaeological Society:Cape Town.,
  
}
@misc{Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80,
  
}
@misc{Orton J. 2006. The Later Stone Age lithic sequence at Elands Bay Western Cape South Africa: raw materials artefacts and sporadic change.Southern African Humanities18(2) pp.1-28.,
  
}
@misc{Morris AG. 1992. The skeletons of contact. A study of protohistoric burials from the lower Orange River valley South Africa. Witwatersrand University Press: Johannesburg,
  
}
@misc{Hall M. 1980. Enkwazini an Iron Age site on the Zululand coast.Annals of the Natal Museum24(1) pp.97-109.,
  
}
@misc{Mazel A.D. 1993. KwaThwaleyakhe Shelter: the excavation of mid and late Holocene deposits in the central Thukela Basin Natal South Africa.Southern African Humanities5(10) pp.1-36.,
  
}
@misc{Sampson C.G. and Vogel J.C. 1995. Radiocarbon chronology of Later Stone Age pottery decorations in the upper Seacow Valley.Southern African Field Archaeology4(2) pp.84-94.,
  
}
@misc{Deacon H.J. 1976.Where hunters gathered: a study of Holocene Stone Age people in the eastern Cape(No. 1). South African Archaeological Society.,
  
}
@misc{Wadley L. 1991. Rose Cottage Cave: background and a preliminary report on the recent excavations.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.125-130.,
  
}
@misc{Jerardino AMS. 1996.Changing social landscapes of the western Cape coast of southern Africa over the last 4500 years(Doctoral dissertation University of Cape Town).,
  
}
@misc{Lee-Thorp J.A. and Ecker M. 2015. Holocene environmental change at wonderwerk cave South Africa: Insights from stable light isotopes in ostrich eggshell.African Archaeological Review32(4) pp.793-811.,
  
}
@misc{Sadr K. Smith A. Plug I. Orton J. and Mütti B. 2003. Herders and foragers on Kasteelberg: interim report of excavations 1999-2002.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.27-32.,
  
}
@misc{Fairhall A Young A and Erickson J. 1976. University of Washington Dates IV. Radiocarbon 18:221–239.,
  
}
@misc{Grabert 1974; Lyman 2001,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}

{"bibtex_key":"parkington1992mss","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"tribolo2016cpd","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"orton2006lsl","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"fairhall1976uwd","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Parkington J. 1992. Making sense of sequence at the Elands Bay cave western Cape South Africa.Guide to archaeological sites in the south-western Cape6 p.12.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Bárcena et al. 1985","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Blake 1983;  Hutchinson 1992","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Tribolo C. Mercier N. Valladas H. Lefrais Y. Miller C.E. Parkington J.E. and Porraz G. 2016. Chronology of the Pleistocene deposits at Elands Bay Cave (South Africa) based on charcoals burnt lithics and sedimentary quartz and feldspar grains.Southern African Humanities29 pp.129-52.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Quiles A.  2014. Radiocarbon 56: 833-850. Faigenbaum-Golovin S.  2016. PNAS 113: 4670-4675.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kaplan J. 1990. The Umhlatuzana rock shelter sequence: 100 000 years of Stone Age history.Southern African Humanities2(11) pp.1-94.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC and Marais M. 1971. Pretoria radiocarbon dates I. Radiocarbon 13: 378-394","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Humphreys AJ and Thackeray AI. 1983.Ghaap and Gariep: Later Stone Age studies in the northern Cape(No. 2). South African Archaeological Society:Cape Town.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Orton J. 2006. The Later Stone Age lithic sequence at Elands Bay Western Cape South Africa: raw materials artefacts and sporadic change.Southern African Humanities18(2) pp.1-28.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Morris AG. 1992. The skeletons of contact. A study of protohistoric burials from the lower Orange River valley South Africa. Witwatersrand University Press: Johannesburg","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Hall M. 1980. Enkwazini an Iron Age site on the Zululand coast.Annals of the Natal Museum24(1) pp.97-109.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mazel A.D. 1993. KwaThwaleyakhe Shelter: the excavation of mid and late Holocene deposits in the central Thukela Basin Natal South Africa.Southern African Humanities5(10) pp.1-36.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Sampson C.G. and Vogel J.C. 1995. Radiocarbon chronology of Later Stone Age pottery decorations in the upper Seacow Valley.Southern African Field Archaeology4(2) pp.84-94.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Deacon H.J. 1976.Where hunters gathered: a study of Holocene Stone Age people in the eastern Cape(No. 1). South African Archaeological Society.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Wadley L. 1991. Rose Cottage Cave: background and a preliminary report on the recent excavations.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.125-130.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Jerardino AMS. 1996.Changing social landscapes of the western Cape coast of southern Africa over the last 4500 years(Doctoral dissertation University of Cape Town).","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Lee-Thorp J.A. and Ecker M. 2015. Holocene environmental change at wonderwerk cave South Africa: Insights from stable light isotopes in ostrich eggshell.African Archaeological Review32(4) pp.793-811.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Sadr K. Smith A. Plug I. Orton J. and Mütti B. 2003. Herders and foragers on Kasteelberg: interim report of excavations 1999-2002.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.27-32.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Fairhall A Young A and Erickson J. 1976. University of Washington Dates IV. Radiocarbon 18:221–239.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Grabert 1974; Lyman 2001","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: parkington1992mss
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: tribolo2016cpd
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: orton2006lsl
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: fairhall1976uwd
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Parkington J. 1992. Making sense of sequence at the Elands Bay cave western
  Cape South Africa.Guide to archaeological sites in the south-western Cape6 p.12.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Bárcena et al. 1985
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Blake 1983;  Hutchinson 1992
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Tribolo C. Mercier N. Valladas H. Lefrais Y. Miller C.E. Parkington J.E.
  and Porraz G. 2016. Chronology of the Pleistocene deposits at Elands Bay Cave (South
  Africa) based on charcoals burnt lithics and sedimentary quartz and feldspar grains.Southern
  African Humanities29 pp.129-52.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Quiles A.  2014. Radiocarbon 56: 833-850. Faigenbaum-Golovin S.  2016.
  PNAS 113: 4670-4675.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Kaplan J. 1990. The Umhlatuzana rock shelter sequence: 100 000 years
  of Stone Age history.Southern African Humanities2(11) pp.1-94.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC and Marais M. 1971. Pretoria radiocarbon dates I. Radiocarbon
  13: 378-394'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo
  Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Humphreys AJ and Thackeray AI. 1983.Ghaap and Gariep: Later Stone Age
  studies in the northern Cape(No. 2). South African Archaeological Society:Cape Town.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon
  23: 43-80'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Orton J. 2006. The Later Stone Age lithic sequence at Elands Bay Western
  Cape South Africa: raw materials artefacts and sporadic change.Southern African
  Humanities18(2) pp.1-28.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Morris AG. 1992. The skeletons of contact. A study of protohistoric
  burials from the lower Orange River valley South Africa. Witwatersrand University
  Press: Johannesburg'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Hall M. 1980. Enkwazini an Iron Age site on the Zululand coast.Annals
  of the Natal Museum24(1) pp.97-109.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Mazel A.D. 1993. KwaThwaleyakhe Shelter: the excavation of mid and late
  Holocene deposits in the central Thukela Basin Natal South Africa.Southern African
  Humanities5(10) pp.1-36.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Sampson C.G. and Vogel J.C. 1995. Radiocarbon chronology of Later Stone
  Age pottery decorations in the upper Seacow Valley.Southern African Field Archaeology4(2)
  pp.84-94.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Deacon H.J. 1976.Where hunters gathered: a study of Holocene Stone Age
  people in the eastern Cape(No. 1). South African Archaeological Society.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Wadley L. 1991. Rose Cottage Cave: background and a preliminary report
  on the recent excavations.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.125-130.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Jerardino AMS. 1996.Changing social landscapes of the western Cape coast
  of southern Africa over the last 4500 years(Doctoral dissertation University of
  Cape Town).
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Lee-Thorp J.A. and Ecker M. 2015. Holocene environmental change at wonderwerk
  cave South Africa: Insights from stable light isotopes in ostrich eggshell.African
  Archaeological Review32(4) pp.793-811.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Sadr K. Smith A. Plug I. Orton J. and Mütti B. 2003. Herders and foragers
  on Kasteelberg: interim report of excavations 1999-2002.The South African Archaeological
  Bulletin pp.27-32.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Fairhall A Young A and Erickson J. 1976. University of Washington Dates
  IV. Radiocarbon 18:221–239.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Grabert 1974; Lyman 2001
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog