Border Cave – XRONOS

Location

Coordinates (degrees): 027.017° S, 031.983° E
Coordinates (DMS): 027° 01' 00" E, 031° 58' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166 ): South Africa (ZA)

Lab ID	Context	Material	Taxon	Method	Uncalibrated age	References
ANUA-15805	2BS UP	charcoal	NA	AMS	46000±1150 BP	villa2012bbl
ANUA-15813	2BS LR B	charcoal	NA	AMS	50380±2380 BP	villa2012bbl
ANUA-15814	2BS LR A	charcoal	NA	AMS	48730±1360 BP	villa2012bbl
ANUA-16304	2BS LR C	charcoal	NA	AMS	55410±2210 BP	villa2012bbl
ANUA-16305	2BS LR B	charcoal	NA	AMS	53510±1870 BP	villa2012bbl
ANUA-17302	2BS UP	charcoal	NA	AMS	43880±1040 BP	villa2012bbl
ANUA-17303	2WA	charcoal	NA	AMS	55250±2270 BP	villa2012bbl
ANUA-17304	1WA	charcoal	NA	AMS	38540± BP	villa2012bbl
ANUA-17305	2BS LR A	charcoal	NA	AMS	48940±1740 BP	villa2012bbl
ANUA-17306	2BS UP	charcoal	NA	AMS	48030±1360 BP	villa2012bbl
ANUA-17307	2BS UP	charcoal	NA	AMS	41640±940 BP	villa2012bbl
ANUA-17308	2BS LR B	charcoal	NA	AMS	46880±1290 BP	villa2012bbl
ANUA-17504	2BS LR B	charcoal	NA	AMS	49840±1580 BP	villa2012bbl
ANUA-17505	2BS LR C	charcoal	NA	AMS	57910±2950 BP	villa2012bbl
ANUA-18626	2WA	charcoal	NA	AMS	58240±2640 BP	villa2012bbl
ANUA-19010	2WA	charcoal	NA	AMS	57490±2820 BP	villa2012bbl
KIA-44423	1BS LR	eggshell	Struthio camelus	AMS	38020±1240 BP	villa2012bbl
LJ-2892	1BS LR	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	33000±2000 BP	vogel1986prd
OxA-23172	1BS LR	wood	NA	AMS	34940±370 BP	villa2012bbl
OxA-23173	First white ash	charcoal	NA	AMS	20420±90 BP	villa2012bbl

Classification	Estimated age	References
MSA	NA	villa2012bbl
Final MSA	NA	NA
MSA	NA	villa2012bbl
	NA	NA
MSA	NA	villa2012bbl
Final MSA	NA	NA
MSA	NA	villa2012bbl
	NA	NA
MSA	NA	villa2012bbl
	NA	NA
MSA	NA	villa2012bbl
Final MSA	NA	NA
MSA	NA	villa2012bbl
	NA	NA
LSA	NA	villa2012bbl
ELSA	NA	NA
MSA	NA	villa2012bbl
Final MSA	NA	NA
MSA	NA	villa2012bbl
Final MSA	NA	NA

Bibliographic references

No bibliographic information available. [villa2012bbl]
No bibliographic information available. [vogel1986prd]
No bibliographic information available. [morris1992scs]
No bibliographic information available. [beaumont1978b]
No bibliographic information available. [vogel1972rrc]
No bibliographic information available. [vogel1972rrc; vogel1986prd]
No bibliographic information available. [beaumont1972rca]
No bibliographic information available. [wadley1993pls]
No bibliographic information available. [Villa P. Soriano S. Tsanova T. Degano I. Higham T.F. d’Errico F. Backwell L. Lucejko J.J. Colombini M.P. and Beaumont P.B. 2012. Border cave and the beginning of the later stone age in South Africa.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences109(33) pp.13208-13213.]
No bibliographic information available. [Benz 2012]
No bibliographic information available. [Gimbutas et al. 1989: 24f. Linick 1977: 23ff.]
No bibliographic information available. [SARD]
No bibliographic information available. [Higham et al. 2015]
No bibliographic information available. [Oxford Egypt Database May 2015]
No bibliographic information available. [Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.]
No bibliographic information available. [Lovell 2001]
No bibliographic information available. [Beaumont PB and Vogel JC. 1989. Patterns in the age and context of rock art in the northern Cape.The South African Archaeological Bulletin 44(150):73-81.]
No bibliographic information available. [Kaplan J. 1990. The Umhlatuzana rock shelter sequence: 100 000 years of Stone Age history.Southern African Humanities2(11) pp.1-94.]
No bibliographic information available. [Patrick M.K. 1989.An archaeological anthropological study of the human skeletal remains from the Oakhurst Rockshelter George Cape Province Southern Africa(Doctoral dissertation University of Cape Town).]
No bibliographic information available. [WadleyL. 1993.The Pleistocene Later Stone Age south of the Limpopo River.Journal of World Prehistory 7:243–296.]
No bibliographic information available. [Pfeiffer S. Sealy J. Harrington L. Loftus E. and Maggs T. 2020. A Late Holocene community burial area: Evidence of diverse mortuary practices in the Western Cape South Africa.Plos one15(4) p.e0230391.]
No bibliographic information available. [Beaumont PB. Smith A.B. & Vogel J.C. 1995. Before the Einiqua: the archaeology of the frontier zone. In: Smith A.B. (ed.) Einiqualand: Studies of the Orange River Frontier: 236-264. Cape Town: UCT Press.]
No bibliographic information available. [Mazel A.D. 1990. Mhlwazini Cave: the excavation of late Holocene deposits in the northern Natal Drakensberg Natal South Africa.Southern African Humanities2(11) pp.95-133.]
No bibliographic information available. [Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117]
No bibliographic information available. [Goring-Morris and Cohern 2005]
No bibliographic information available. [Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80]
No bibliographic information available. [Parkington J. Fisher Jr J.W. and Tonner T.W. 2009. The fires are constant the shelters are whims: A feature map of Later Stone Age campsites at the Dunefield Midden site Western Cape province South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.104-121.]
No bibliographic information available. [Boeyens J.C.A. and Plug I. 2011. 'A chief is like an ash-heap on which is gathered all the refuse': the faunal remains from the central court midden at Kaditshwene.Annals of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History1(1) pp.1-22.]
No bibliographic information available. [Humphreys A.J.B. 1973. A report on excavations carried out on a Type R settlement unit (Khartoum 1) in the Jacobsdal district.Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums (Natural History)9(8) pp.123-57.]
No bibliographic information available. [Mazel A.D. 1999. iNkolimahashi Shelter: the excavation of Later Stone Age rock shelter deposits in the central Thukela Basin KwaZulu-Natal South Africa.Southern African Humanities11(12) pp.1-21.]
No bibliographic information available. [Wadley L. 2001. Who Lived in Mauermanshoek Shelter Korannaberg South Africaà.African Archaeological Review18(3) pp.153-179.]
No bibliographic information available. [Van Doornum B. 2007. Tshisiku Shelter and the Shashe-Limpopo confluence area hunter-gatherer sequence.Southern African Humanities19(1) pp.17-67.]
https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database [SARD]
Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]

@misc{villa2012bbl,
  
}
@misc{vogel1986prd,
  
}
@misc{morris1992scs,
  
}
@misc{beaumont1978b,
  
}
@misc{vogel1972rrc,
  
}
@misc{vogel1972rrc; vogel1986prd,
  
}
@misc{beaumont1972rca,
  
}
@misc{wadley1993pls,
  
}
@misc{Villa P. Soriano S. Tsanova T. Degano I. Higham T.F. d’Errico F. Backwell L. Lucejko J.J. Colombini M.P. and Beaumont P.B. 2012. Border cave and the beginning of the later stone age in South Africa.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences109(33) pp.13208-13213.,
  
}
@misc{Benz 2012,
  
}
@misc{Gimbutas et al. 1989: 24f. Linick 1977: 23ff.,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  
}
@misc{Higham et al. 2015,
  
}
@misc{Oxford Egypt Database May 2015,
  
}
@misc{Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.,
  
}
@misc{Lovell 2001,
  
}
@misc{Beaumont PB and Vogel JC. 1989. Patterns in the age and context of rock art in the northern Cape.The South African Archaeological Bulletin 44(150):73-81.,
  
}
@misc{Kaplan J. 1990. The Umhlatuzana rock shelter sequence: 100 000 years of Stone Age history.Southern African Humanities2(11) pp.1-94.,
  
}
@misc{Patrick M.K. 1989.An archaeological anthropological study of the human skeletal remains from the Oakhurst Rockshelter George Cape Province Southern Africa(Doctoral dissertation University of Cape Town).,
  
}
@misc{WadleyL. 1993.The Pleistocene Later Stone Age south of the Limpopo River.Journal of World Prehistory 7:243–296.,
  
}
@misc{Pfeiffer S. Sealy J. Harrington L. Loftus E. and Maggs T. 2020. A Late Holocene community burial area: Evidence of diverse mortuary practices in the Western Cape South Africa.Plos one15(4) p.e0230391.,
  
}
@misc{Beaumont PB. Smith A.B. & Vogel J.C. 1995. Before the Einiqua: the archaeology of the frontier zone. In: Smith A.B. (ed.) Einiqualand: Studies of the Orange River Frontier: 236-264. Cape Town: UCT Press.,
  
}
@misc{Mazel A.D. 1990. Mhlwazini Cave: the excavation of late Holocene deposits in the northern Natal Drakensberg Natal South Africa.Southern African Humanities2(11) pp.95-133.,
  
}
@misc{Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117,
  
}
@misc{Goring-Morris and Cohern 2005,
  
}
@misc{Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80,
  
}
@misc{Parkington J. Fisher Jr J.W. and Tonner T.W. 2009.  The fires are constant the shelters are whims: A feature map of Later Stone Age campsites at the Dunefield Midden site Western Cape province South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.104-121.,
  
}
@misc{Boeyens J.C.A. and Plug I. 2011. 'A chief is like an ash-heap on which is gathered all the refuse': the faunal remains from the central court midden at Kaditshwene.Annals of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History1(1) pp.1-22.,
  
}
@misc{Humphreys A.J.B. 1973. A report on excavations carried out on a Type R settlement unit (Khartoum 1) in the Jacobsdal district.Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums (Natural History)9(8) pp.123-57.,
  
}
@misc{Mazel A.D. 1999. iNkolimahashi Shelter: the excavation of Later Stone Age rock shelter deposits in the central Thukela Basin KwaZulu-Natal South Africa.Southern African Humanities11(12) pp.1-21.,
  
}
@misc{Wadley L. 2001. Who Lived in Mauermanshoek Shelter Korannaberg South Africaà.African Archaeological Review18(3) pp.153-179.,
  
}
@misc{Van Doornum B. 2007. Tshisiku Shelter and the Shashe-Limpopo confluence area hunter-gatherer sequence.Southern African Humanities19(1) pp.17-67.,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}

{"bibtex_key":"villa2012bbl","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"vogel1986prd","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"morris1992scs","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"beaumont1978b","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"vogel1972rrc","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"vogel1972rrc; vogel1986prd","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"beaumont1972rca","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"wadley1993pls","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Villa P. Soriano S. Tsanova T. Degano I. Higham T.F. d’Errico F. Backwell L. Lucejko J.J. Colombini M.P. and Beaumont P.B. 2012. Border cave and the beginning of the later stone age in South Africa.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences109(33) pp.13208-13213.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Benz 2012","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Gimbutas et al. 1989: 24f. Linick 1977: 23ff.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Higham et al. 2015","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Oxford Egypt Database May 2015","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Lovell 2001","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Beaumont PB and Vogel JC. 1989. Patterns in the age and context of rock art in the northern Cape.The South African Archaeological Bulletin 44(150):73-81.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kaplan J. 1990. The Umhlatuzana rock shelter sequence: 100 000 years of Stone Age history.Southern African Humanities2(11) pp.1-94.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Patrick M.K. 1989.An archaeological anthropological study of the human skeletal remains from the Oakhurst Rockshelter George Cape Province Southern Africa(Doctoral dissertation University of Cape Town).","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"WadleyL. 1993.The Pleistocene Later Stone Age south of the Limpopo River.Journal of World Prehistory 7:243–296.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Pfeiffer S. Sealy J. Harrington L. Loftus E. and Maggs T. 2020. A Late Holocene community burial area: Evidence of diverse mortuary practices in the Western Cape South Africa.Plos one15(4) p.e0230391.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Beaumont PB. Smith A.B. & Vogel J.C. 1995. Before the Einiqua: the archaeology of the frontier zone. In: Smith A.B. (ed.) Einiqualand: Studies of the Orange River Frontier: 236-264. Cape Town: UCT Press.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mazel A.D. 1990. Mhlwazini Cave: the excavation of late Holocene deposits in the northern Natal Drakensberg Natal South Africa.Southern African Humanities2(11) pp.95-133.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Goring-Morris and Cohern 2005","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Parkington J. Fisher Jr J.W. and Tonner T.W. 2009.  The fires are constant the shelters are whims: A feature map of Later Stone Age campsites at the Dunefield Midden site Western Cape province South Africa.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.104-121.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Boeyens J.C.A. and Plug I. 2011. 'A chief is like an ash-heap on which is gathered all the refuse': the faunal remains from the central court midden at Kaditshwene.Annals of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History1(1) pp.1-22.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Humphreys A.J.B. 1973. A report on excavations carried out on a Type R settlement unit (Khartoum 1) in the Jacobsdal district.Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums (Natural History)9(8) pp.123-57.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mazel A.D. 1999. iNkolimahashi Shelter: the excavation of Later Stone Age rock shelter deposits in the central Thukela Basin KwaZulu-Natal South Africa.Southern African Humanities11(12) pp.1-21.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Wadley L. 2001. Who Lived in Mauermanshoek Shelter Korannaberg South Africaà.African Archaeological Review18(3) pp.153-179.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Van Doornum B. 2007. Tshisiku Shelter and the Shashe-Limpopo confluence area hunter-gatherer sequence.Southern African Humanities19(1) pp.17-67.","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]

---
:bibtex_key: villa2012bbl
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: vogel1986prd
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: morris1992scs
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: beaumont1978b
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: vogel1972rrc
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: vogel1972rrc; vogel1986prd
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: beaumont1972rca
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: wadley1993pls
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Villa P. Soriano S. Tsanova T. Degano I. Higham T.F. d’Errico F. Backwell
  L. Lucejko J.J. Colombini M.P. and Beaumont P.B. 2012. Border cave and the beginning
  of the later stone age in South Africa.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences109(33)
  pp.13208-13213.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Benz 2012
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Gimbutas et al. 1989: 24f. Linick 1977: 23ff.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Higham et al. 2015
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Oxford Egypt Database May 2015
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Vogel J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo
  Valley.Goodwin Series pp.51-57.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Lovell 2001
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Beaumont PB and Vogel JC. 1989. Patterns in the age and context of rock
  art in the northern Cape.The South African Archaeological Bulletin 44(150):73-81.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Kaplan J. 1990. The Umhlatuzana rock shelter sequence: 100 000 years
  of Stone Age history.Southern African Humanities2(11) pp.1-94.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Patrick M.K. 1989.An archaeological anthropological study of the human
  skeletal remains from the Oakhurst Rockshelter George Cape Province Southern Africa(Doctoral
  dissertation University of Cape Town).
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: WadleyL. 1993.The Pleistocene Later Stone Age south of the Limpopo River.Journal
  of World Prehistory 7:243–296.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Pfeiffer S. Sealy J. Harrington L. Loftus E. and Maggs T. 2020. A Late
  Holocene community burial area: Evidence of diverse mortuary practices in the Western
  Cape South Africa.Plos one15(4) p.e0230391.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Beaumont PB. Smith A.B. & Vogel J.C. 1995. Before the Einiqua: the archaeology
  of the frontier zone. In: Smith A.B. (ed.) Einiqualand: Studies of the Orange River
  Frontier: 236-264. Cape Town: UCT Press.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Mazel A.D. 1990. Mhlwazini Cave: the excavation of late Holocene deposits
  in the northern Natal Drakensberg Natal South Africa.Southern African Humanities2(11)
  pp.95-133.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC Fuls A and Visser E. 1986. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates III.
  Radiocarbon 28: 1133-117'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Goring-Morris and Cohern 2005
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon
  23: 43-80'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Parkington J. Fisher Jr J.W. and Tonner T.W. 2009.  The fires are constant
  the shelters are whims: A feature map of Later Stone Age campsites at the Dunefield
  Midden site Western Cape province South Africa.The South African Archaeological
  Bulletin pp.104-121.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Boeyens J.C.A. and Plug I. 2011. ''A chief is like an ash-heap on which
  is gathered all the refuse'': the faunal remains from the central court midden at
  Kaditshwene.Annals of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History1(1) pp.1-22.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Humphreys A.J.B. 1973. A report on excavations carried out on a Type
  R settlement unit (Khartoum 1) in the Jacobsdal district.Annals of the Cape Provincial
  Museums (Natural History)9(8) pp.123-57.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Mazel A.D. 1999. iNkolimahashi Shelter: the excavation of Later Stone
  Age rock shelter deposits in the central Thukela Basin KwaZulu-Natal South Africa.Southern
  African Humanities11(12) pp.1-21.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Wadley L. 2001. Who Lived in Mauermanshoek Shelter Korannaberg South
  Africaà.African Archaeological Review18(3) pp.153-179.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Van Doornum B. 2007. Tshisiku Shelter and the Shashe-Limpopo confluence
  area hunter-gatherer sequence.Southern African Humanities19(1) pp.17-67.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR

XRONOS development team 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC

Location

Radiocarbon dates (121)

Typological dates (137)

Bibliographic references

Changelog

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR