Blydefontein – XRONOS

Site type

Location

Coordinates (degrees): 031.133° S, 025.050° E
Coordinates (DMS): 031° 07' 00" E, 025° 03' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166): South Africa (ZA)

Lab ID	Context	Material	Taxon	Method	Uncalibrated age	Calibrated age	References
SMU-1902	HG/CAU2	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	844±119 BP	972–555 cal BP	bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
SMU-1925	HG/CAU2	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	1255±109 BP	1347–956 cal BP	bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
SR-132	Level 3	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	1980±120 BP	2304–1612 cal BP	bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
SR-142	Level 6	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	3090±100 BP	3488–2996 cal BP	bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
SR-152	Level 8	charcoal	NA	conventional 14C	3650±120 BP	4400–3640 cal BP	bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
D-AMS-1227		bone	NA	NA	556±24 BP	627–526 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022
D-AMS-1228		bone	NA	NA	1238±28 BP	1269–1070 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022
D-AMS-1229		bone	NA	NA	819±30 BP	775–677 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022
D-AMS-1230		bone	NA	NA	758±29 BP	725–666 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022
D-AMS-1231		bone	NA	NA	2728±32 BP	2871–2760 cal BP	Ollivier et al 2017 Bird et al. 2022
GrA-15192		plant remains	NA	NA	1810±50 BP	1828–1586 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022
GrA-15193		plant remains	NA	NA	785±50 BP	786–655 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022
GrA-15194		plant remains	NA	NA	1025±50 BP	1057–792 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022
GrA-15195		plant remains	NA	NA	1505±50 BP	1516–1304 cal BP	Kiel DB 2013 Bird et al. 2022
OxA-27365		bone	NA	NA	2791±25 BP	2958–2796 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022
OxA-27366		bone	NA	NA	1097±24 BP	1059–955 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022
OxA-7876		sediments	NA	NA	9400±100 BP	11074–10294 cal BP	Proc. Bristol Univ. Spelaeol. Soc. Vol. 7 1955 61 - 75 Campbell J. B. Mendip Hills in Prehistoric time and Roman Times Bristol 1970 p. 11. Flas D. 2008.Anthropologica et Praehistorica 119: 3-253. Bird et al. 2022
OxA-8530		sediments	NA	NA	11850±150 BP	14060–13441 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022
SMU-1823		charcoal	NA	NA	8541±417 BP	10575–8480 cal BP	Marks (ed.) 1983 Bird et al. 2022
SMU-1849		charcoal	NA	NA	3135±33 BP	3447–3250 cal BP	SARD Bird et al. 2022

Classification	Estimated age	References
LSA	NA	bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
	NA	NA
LSA	NA	bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Ceramic LSA	NA	NA
LSA	NA	bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Wilton	NA	NA
LSA	NA	bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Wilton	NA	NA
LSA	NA	bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Wilton	NA	NA

Bibliographic references

No bibliographic information available. [bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed]
No bibliographic information available. [bronkramsey2002rdo]
No bibliographic information available. [SARD]
No bibliographic information available. [Ollivier et al 2017]
No bibliographic information available. [Kiel DB 2013]
No bibliographic information available. [Proc. Bristol Univ. Spelaeol. Soc. Vol. 7 1955 61 - 75 Campbell J. B. Mendip Hills in Prehistoric time and Roman Times Bristol 1970 p. 11. Flas D. 2008.Anthropologica et Praehistorica 119: 3-253.]
No bibliographic information available. [Marks (ed.) 1983]
No bibliographic information available. [Miller Jornada Database]
No bibliographic information available. [East Texas 14C Database; Fields et al. 1997]
No bibliographic information available. [Maslowski et al. 1995]
No bibliographic information available. [Sampson C.G. 1970. Smithfield Industrial Complex: further field results. National Museum Memoir 5. Bloemfontein: National Museum.]
https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database [SARD]
Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]

@misc{bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed,
  
}
@misc{bronkramsey2002rdo,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  
}
@misc{Ollivier et al 2017,
  
}
@misc{Kiel DB 2013,
  
}
@misc{Proc. Bristol Univ. Spelaeol. Soc. Vol. 7 1955 61 - 75 Campbell J. B. Mendip Hills in Prehistoric time and Roman Times Bristol 1970 p. 11. Flas D. 2008.Anthropologica et Praehistorica 119: 3-253.,
  
}
@misc{Marks (ed.) 1983,
  
}
@misc{Miller Jornada Database,
  
}
@misc{East Texas 14C Database; Fields et al. 1997,
  
}
@misc{Maslowski et al. 1995,
  
}
@misc{Sampson C.G. 1970. Smithfield Industrial Complex: further field results. National Museum Memoir 5. Bloemfontein: National Museum.,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}

{"bibtex_key":"bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"bronkramsey2002rdo","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Ollivier et al 2017","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kiel DB 2013","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Proc. Bristol Univ. Spelaeol. Soc. Vol. 7 1955 61 - 75 Campbell J. B. Mendip Hills in Prehistoric time and Roman Times Bristol 1970 p. 11. Flas D. 2008.Anthropologica et Praehistorica 119: 3-253.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Marks (ed.) 1983","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Miller Jornada Database","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"East Texas 14C Database; Fields et al. 1997","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Maslowski et al. 1995","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Sampson C.G. 1970. Smithfield Industrial Complex: further field results. National Museum Memoir 5. Bloemfontein: National Museum.","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]

---
:bibtex_key: bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: bronkramsey2002rdo
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Ollivier et al 2017
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Kiel DB 2013
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Proc. Bristol Univ. Spelaeol. Soc. Vol. 7 1955 61 - 75 Campbell J. B.
  Mendip Hills in Prehistoric time and Roman Times Bristol 1970 p. 11. Flas D. 2008.Anthropologica
  et Praehistorica 119: 3-253.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Marks (ed.) 1983
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Miller Jornada Database
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: East Texas 14C Database; Fields et al. 1997
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Maslowski et al. 1995
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Sampson C.G. 1970. Smithfield Industrial Complex: further field results.
  National Museum Memoir 5. Bloemfontein: National Museum.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR

XRONOS development team 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC

Location

Linked Data

Radiocarbon dates (50)

Typological dates (50)

Bibliographic references

Changelog

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR