Site type

Location

Coordinates (degrees)
031.133° S, 025.050° E
Coordinates (DMS)
031° 07' 00" E, 025° 03' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166)
South Africa (ZA)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (50)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
D-AMS-1227 HG/CAU2 bone NA AMS 556±24 BP 627–526 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
D-AMS-1227 bone NA NA 556±24 BP 627–526 cal BP SARD Bird et al. 2022
D-AMS-1230 HG/CAU2 bone NA AMS 758±29 BP 725–666 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
D-AMS-1230 bone NA NA 758±29 BP 725–666 cal BP SARD Bird et al. 2022
GrA-15193 GAC/CAU3 plant remains NA AMS 785±50 BP 786–655 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
GrA-15193 plant remains NA NA 785±50 BP 786–655 cal BP SARD Bird et al. 2022
D-AMS-1229 bone NA NA 819±30 BP 775–677 cal BP SARD Bird et al. 2022
D-AMS-1229 HG/CAU2 bone NA AMS 819±30 BP 775–677 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
SMU-1902 HG/CAU2 charcoal NA conventional 14C 844±119 BP 972–555 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
SMU-1902 charcoal NA NA 844±119 BP 972–555 cal BP East Texas 14C Database; Fields et al. 1997 Bird et al. 2022
GrA-15194 GAC/CAU4 plant remains NA AMS 1025±50 BP 1057–792 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
GrA-15194 plant remains NA NA 1025±50 BP 1057–792 cal BP SARD Bird et al. 2022
OxA-27366 bone NA NA 1097±24 BP 1059–955 cal BP SARD Bird et al. 2022
OxA-27366 CPB/CAU2 bone NA AMS 1097±24 BP 1059–955 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
D-AMS-1228 bone NA NA 1238±28 BP 1269–1070 cal BP SARD Bird et al. 2022
D-AMS-1228 HG/CAU2 bone NA AMS 1238±28 BP 1269–1070 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
SMU-1925 HG/CAU2 charcoal NA conventional 14C 1255±109 BP 1347–956 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
SMU-1925 charcoal NA NA 1255±109 BP 1347–956 cal BP Maslowski et al. 1995 Bird et al. 2022
SMU-1850 charcoal NA NA 1305±31 BP 1291–1176 cal BP SARD Bird et al. 2022
SMU-1850 HG/CAU2 charcoal NA conventional 14C 1305±31 BP 1291–1176 cal BP bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed

typological date Typological dates (50)

Classification Estimated age References
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Ceramic LSA NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Wilton NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Ceramic LSA NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Wilton NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Wilton NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Ceramic LSA NA NA
LSA NA bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
Wilton NA NA

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references

@misc{bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed,
  
}
@misc{bronkramsey2002rdo,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  
}
@misc{Ollivier et al 2017,
  
}
@misc{Kiel DB 2013,
  
}
@misc{Proc. Bristol Univ. Spelaeol. Soc. Vol. 7 1955 61 - 75 Campbell J. B. Mendip Hills in Prehistoric time and Roman Times Bristol 1970 p. 11. Flas D. 2008.Anthropologica et Praehistorica 119: 3-253.,
  
}
@misc{Marks (ed.) 1983,
  
}
@misc{Miller Jornada Database,
  
}
@misc{East Texas 14C Database; Fields et al. 1997,
  
}
@misc{Maslowski et al. 1995,
  
}
@misc{Sampson C.G. 1970. Smithfield Industrial Complex: further field results. National Museum Memoir 5. Bloemfontein: National Museum.,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"bronkramsey2002rdo","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Ollivier et al 2017","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kiel DB 2013","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Proc. Bristol Univ. Spelaeol. Soc. Vol. 7 1955 61 - 75 Campbell J. B. Mendip Hills in Prehistoric time and Roman Times Bristol 1970 p. 11. Flas D. 2008.Anthropologica et Praehistorica 119: 3-253.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Marks (ed.) 1983","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Miller Jornada Database","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"East Texas 14C Database; Fields et al. 1997","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Maslowski et al. 1995","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Sampson C.G. 1970. Smithfield Industrial Complex: further field results. National Museum Memoir 5. Bloemfontein: National Museum.","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: bousman2005cls; bousman2016qed
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: bronkramsey2002rdo
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Ollivier et al 2017
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Kiel DB 2013
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Proc. Bristol Univ. Spelaeol. Soc. Vol. 7 1955 61 - 75 Campbell J. B.
  Mendip Hills in Prehistoric time and Roman Times Bristol 1970 p. 11. Flas D. 2008.Anthropologica
  et Praehistorica 119: 3-253.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Marks (ed.) 1983
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Miller Jornada Database
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: East Texas 14C Database; Fields et al. 1997
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Maslowski et al. 1995
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Sampson C.G. 1970. Smithfield Industrial Complex: further field results.
  National Museum Memoir 5. Bloemfontein: National Museum.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog