Apollo 11 Cave
Archaeological site
in Namibia
Record created in XRONOS on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC.
Last updated on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC.
See changelog for details.
Contributors: XRONOS development team
Contributors: XRONOS development team
Location
- Coordinates (degrees)
- 027.750° S, 017.100° E
- Coordinates (DMS)
- 027° 45' 00" E, 017° 06' 00" S
- Country (ISO 3166)
- Namibia (NA)
Linked Data
There is no linked data available for this record.
Radiocarbon dates
(68)
| Lab ID | Context | Material | Taxon | Method | Uncalibrated age | Calibrated age | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KN-I-846 | Layer B:B8-9/+50 | plant remains | NA | conventional 14C | 1460±55 BP | 1511–1285 cal BP | freundlich1980rm |
| KN-I-867 | Layer C | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 7200±75 BP | 8178–7867 cal BP | freundlich1980rm |
| KN-I-869 | E (lower) | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 33370±50 BP | 38365–37696 cal BP | freundlich1980rm |
| KN-I-870 | Layer B:A8/+45 | plant remains | NA | conventional 14C | 1670±55 BP | 1700–1410 cal BP | freundlich1980rm |
| Pta-1009 | Layer A:B3/-12 | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 320±40 BP | 475–301 cal BP | vogelsang2010ems |
| Pta-1010 | Layer D | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 13050±120 BP | 15970–15282 cal BP | wendt1976mas |
| Pta-1019 | Layer C:B9 | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 6480±80 BP | 7565–7180 cal BP | vogel1981prd |
| Pta-1020 | Layer C | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 7280±80 BP | 8310–7942 cal BP | vogel1981prd |
| Pta-1021 | Layer D | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 12510±120 BP | 15160–14205 cal BP | wendt1976mas |
| Pta-1032 | Layer E:A8x2/-15 | plant remains | NA | conventional 14C | 21600±300 BP | 26430–25226 cal BP | vogel1981prd |
| Pta-1039 | D (base) | plant remains | NA | conventional 14C | 18500±190 BP | 22900–22087 cal BP | wendt1976mas |
| Pta-1040 | E (upper) | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 26300±400 BP | 31155–29915 cal BP | wendt1976mas |
| Pta-1041 | E | charcoal | NA | conventional 14C | 39800±1700 BP | 45640–41315 cal BP | freundlich1980rm |
| Pta-1918 | Layer B:A8X/+35 | plant remains | NA | conventional 14C | 1960±45 BP | 1993–1747 cal BP | vogel1981prd |
| KIA-35914 | charcoal | NA | NA | 13010±70 BP | 15762–15340 cal BP | Vogelsang R. Richter J. Jacobs Z. Eichhorn B. Linseele V. and Roberts R.G. 2010. New excavations of Middle Stone Age deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter Namibia: stratigraphy archaeology chronology and past environments.Journal of African Archaeology8(2) pp.185-218. Bird et al. 2022 | |
| KIA-35915 | charcoal | NA | NA | 12900±50 BP | 15575–15276 cal BP | Vogelsang R. Richter J. Jacobs Z. Eichhorn B. Linseele V. and Roberts R.G. 2010. New excavations of Middle Stone Age deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter Namibia: stratigraphy archaeology chronology and past environments.Journal of African Archaeology8(2) pp.185-218. Bird et al. 2022 | |
| KIA-35916 | charcoal | NA | NA | 14230±55 BP | 17400–17110 cal BP | Vogelsang R. Richter J. Jacobs Z. Eichhorn B. Linseele V. and Roberts R.G. 2010. New excavations of Middle Stone Age deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter Namibia: stratigraphy archaeology chronology and past environments.Journal of African Archaeology8(2) pp.185-218. Bird et al. 2022 | |
| KIA-35917 | charcoal | NA | NA | 24150±150 BP | 28675–27914 cal BP | Kiel DB 2470 Bird et al. 2022 | |
| KN-2115 | charcoal | NA | NA | 32700±860 BP | 39390–35463 cal BP | Bradtmöller 2007 Bird et al. 2022 | |
| KN-4042 | charcoal | NA | NA | 18650±170 BP | 22943–22305 cal BP | Stäuble 1994 Bird et al. 2022 |
Typological dates
(68)
| Classification | Estimated age | References |
|---|---|---|
| LSA | NA | wendt1976mas |
| ELSA | NA | NA |
| MSA | NA | wendt1976mas |
| Final MSA | NA | NA |
| MSA | NA | freundlich1980rm |
| NA | NA | |
| LSA | NA | vogel1981prd |
| Ceramic LSA | NA | NA |
Bibliographic references
- No bibliographic information available. [vogelsang2010ems]
- No bibliographic information available. [freundlich1980rm]
- No bibliographic information available. [wendt1976mas]
- No bibliographic information available. [vogel1981prd]
- No bibliographic information available. [Vogelsang R. Richter J. Jacobs Z. Eichhorn B. Linseele V. and Roberts R.G. 2010. New excavations of Middle Stone Age deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter Namibia: stratigraphy archaeology chronology and past environments.Journal of African Archaeology8(2) pp.185-218.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Kiel DB 2470]
- No bibliographic information available. [Bradtmöller 2007]
- No bibliographic information available. [Stäuble 1994]
- No bibliographic information available. [Quitta & Kohl 1969: 234f.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Wendt W.E. 1976. 'Art Mobilier'from the Apollo 11 Cave South West Africa: Africa's Oldest Dated Works of Art.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.5-11.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Gopher 1985 Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994]
- No bibliographic information available. [László 1997 265]
- No bibliographic information available. [Freundlich JC Schwabedissen H and Wendt WE. 1980. Köln radiocarbon measurements II.Radiocarbon22(01) pp.68-81.]
- No bibliographic information available. [SARD]
- No bibliographic information available. [Vogel JC and Marais M. 1971. Pretoria radiocarbon dates I. Radiocarbon 13: 378-394]
- No bibliographic information available. [Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80]
- https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database [SARD]
- Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]
@misc{vogelsang2010ems,
}
@misc{freundlich1980rm,
}
@misc{wendt1976mas,
}
@misc{vogel1981prd,
}
@misc{Vogelsang R. Richter J. Jacobs Z. Eichhorn B. Linseele V. and Roberts R.G. 2010. New excavations of Middle Stone Age deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter Namibia: stratigraphy archaeology chronology and past environments.Journal of African Archaeology8(2) pp.185-218.,
}
@misc{Kiel DB 2470,
}
@misc{Bradtmöller 2007,
}
@misc{Stäuble 1994,
}
@misc{Quitta & Kohl 1969: 234f.,
}
@misc{Wendt W.E. 1976. 'Art Mobilier'from the Apollo 11 Cave South West Africa: Africa's Oldest Dated Works of Art.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.5-11.,
}
@misc{Gopher 1985 Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994,
}
@misc{László 1997 265,
}
@misc{Freundlich JC Schwabedissen H and Wendt WE. 1980. Köln radiocarbon measurements II.Radiocarbon22(01) pp.68-81.,
}
@misc{SARD,
}
@misc{Vogel JC and Marais M. 1971. Pretoria radiocarbon dates I. Radiocarbon 13: 378-394,
}
@misc{Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80,
}
@misc{SARD,
url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
year = {2022},
month = {jan},
journal = {Scientific Data},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {27},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2052-4463},
doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
langid = {english},
keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"vogelsang2010ems","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"freundlich1980rm","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"wendt1976mas","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"vogel1981prd","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogelsang R. Richter J. Jacobs Z. Eichhorn B. Linseele V. and Roberts R.G. 2010. New excavations of Middle Stone Age deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter Namibia: stratigraphy archaeology chronology and past environments.Journal of African Archaeology8(2) pp.185-218.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kiel DB 2470","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Bradtmöller 2007","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Stäuble 1994","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Quitta & Kohl 1969: 234f.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Wendt W.E. 1976. 'Art Mobilier'from the Apollo 11 Cave South West Africa: Africa's Oldest Dated Works of Art.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.5-11.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Gopher 1985 Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"László 1997 265","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Freundlich JC Schwabedissen H and Wendt WE. 1980. Köln radiocarbon measurements II.Radiocarbon22(01) pp.68-81.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC and Marais M. 1971. Pretoria radiocarbon dates I. Radiocarbon 13: 378-394","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]---
:bibtex_key: vogelsang2010ems
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: freundlich1980rm
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: wendt1976mas
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: vogel1981prd
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogelsang R. Richter J. Jacobs Z. Eichhorn B. Linseele V. and Roberts
R.G. 2010. New excavations of Middle Stone Age deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter
Namibia: stratigraphy archaeology chronology and past environments.Journal of African
Archaeology8(2) pp.185-218.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Kiel DB 2470
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Bradtmöller 2007
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Stäuble 1994
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Quitta & Kohl 1969: 234f.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Wendt W.E. 1976. ''Art Mobilier''from the Apollo 11 Cave South West
Africa: Africa''s Oldest Dated Works of Art.The South African Archaeological Bulletin
pp.5-11.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Gopher 1985 Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: László 1997 265
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Freundlich JC Schwabedissen H and Wendt WE. 1980. Köln radiocarbon measurements
II.Radiocarbon22(01) pp.68-81.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC and Marais M. 1971. Pretoria radiocarbon dates I. Radiocarbon
13: 378-394'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon
23: 43-80'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
:url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
:note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
:bibtex_type: :article
:title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
:author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
Jacob}"
:year: "{2022}"
:month: "{jan}"
:journal: "{Scientific Data}"
:volume: "{9}"
:number: "{1}"
:pages: "{27}"
:publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
:issn: "{2052-4463}"
:doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
:abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
:copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
:langid: "{english}"
:keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
:month_numeric: "{1}"