Site type

Location

Coordinates (degrees)
027.750° S, 017.100° E
Coordinates (DMS)
027° 45' 00" E, 017° 06' 00" S
Country (ISO 3166)
Namibia (NA)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (68)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
KIA-35914 Z8a/+15 charcoal NA AMS 13010±70 BP 15762–15340 cal BP vogelsang2010ems
KIA-35915 Z8a/+10 charcoal NA AMS 12900±50 BP 15575–15276 cal BP vogelsang2010ems
KIA-35916 Z8/+-0 charcoal NA AMS 14230±55 BP 17400–17110 cal BP vogelsang2010ems
KIA-35917 Z8/-10 charcoal NA AMS 24150±150 BP 28675–27914 cal BP vogelsang2010ems
KN-2115 E (lower) charcoal NA conventional 14C 32700±860 BP 39390–35463 cal BP freundlich1980rm
KN-4042 charcoal NA conventional 14C 18650±170 BP 22943–22305 cal BP vogelsang2010ems
KN-4067 charcoal NA conventional 14C 17380±160 BP 21406–20560 cal BP vogelsang2010ems
KN-4068 charcoal NA conventional 14C 25600±800 BP 31165–28193 cal BP vogelsang2010ems
KN-I 2056 E (upper) charcoal NA conventional 14C 28400±450 BP 33845–31537 cal BP wendt1976mas
KN-I 2057 D (base) charcoal NA conventional 14C 18660±210 BP 22984–22220 cal BP wendt1976mas
KN-I 612 Layer D charcoal NA conventional 14C 13690±120 BP 16968–16240 cal BP wendt1976mas
KN-I 613 Layer D charcoal NA conventional 14C 14550±60 BP 17980–17479 cal BP wendt1976mas
KN-I 614 Layer D charcoal NA conventional 14C 13030±100 BP 15875–15293 cal BP wendt1976mas
KN-I 811 Layer D charcoal NA conventional 14C 13470±125 BP 16598–15850 cal BP wendt1976mas
KN-I 812 D (base) charcoal NA conventional 14C 19760±175 BP 24184–23295 cal BP wendt1976mas
KN-I 813 E (upper) charcoal NA conventional 14C 26700±650 BP 32002–29350 cal BP wendt1976mas
KN-I-608 Layer A:B8/+55 charcoal NA conventional 14C 490±45 BP 625–475 cal BP freundlich1980rm
KN-I-609 Layer C charcoal NA conventional 14C 6200±65 BP 7257–6945 cal BP freundlich1980rm
KN-I-610 Layer C NA conventional 14C 9430±90 BP 11090–10411 cal BP freundlich1980rm
KN-I-611 Layer C charcoal NA conventional 14C 10420±80 BP 12616–11970 cal BP freundlich1980rm

typological date Typological dates (68)

Classification Estimated age References
NA NA
LSA NA vogelsang2010ems
NA NA
LSA NA vogelsang2010ems
NA NA
MSA NA vogelsang2010ems
Final MSA NA NA
MSA NA freundlich1980rm
NA NA
LSA NA vogelsang2010ems
ELSA NA NA
LSA NA vogelsang2010ems
ELSA NA NA
MSA NA vogelsang2010ems
Final MSA NA NA
MSA NA wendt1976mas
Final MSA NA NA
LSA NA wendt1976mas
ELSA NA NA
LSA NA vogelsang2010ems

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references

@misc{vogelsang2010ems,
  
}
@misc{freundlich1980rm,
  
}
@misc{wendt1976mas,
  
}
@misc{vogel1981prd,
  
}
@misc{Vogelsang R. Richter J. Jacobs Z. Eichhorn B. Linseele V. and Roberts R.G. 2010. New excavations of Middle Stone Age deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter Namibia: stratigraphy archaeology chronology and past environments.Journal of African Archaeology8(2) pp.185-218.,
  
}
@misc{Kiel DB 2470,
  
}
@misc{Bradtmöller 2007,
  
}
@misc{Stäuble 1994,
  
}
@misc{Quitta & Kohl 1969: 234f.,
  
}
@misc{Wendt W.E. 1976. 'Art Mobilier'from the Apollo 11 Cave South West Africa: Africa's Oldest Dated Works of Art.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.5-11.,
  
}
@misc{Gopher 1985 Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994,
  
}
@misc{László 1997 265,
  
}
@misc{Freundlich JC Schwabedissen H and Wendt WE. 1980. Köln radiocarbon measurements II.Radiocarbon22(01) pp.68-81.,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  
}
@misc{Vogel JC and Marais M. 1971. Pretoria radiocarbon dates I. Radiocarbon 13: 378-394,
  
}
@misc{Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80,
  
}
@misc{SARD,
  url = {https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database},
  note = { Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"vogelsang2010ems","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"freundlich1980rm","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"wendt1976mas","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"vogel1981prd","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogelsang R. Richter J. Jacobs Z. Eichhorn B. Linseele V. and Roberts R.G. 2010. New excavations of Middle Stone Age deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter Namibia: stratigraphy archaeology chronology and past environments.Journal of African Archaeology8(2) pp.185-218.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kiel DB 2470","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Bradtmöller 2007","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Stäuble 1994","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Quitta & Kohl 1969: 234f.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Wendt W.E. 1976. 'Art Mobilier'from the Apollo 11 Cave South West Africa: Africa's Oldest Dated Works of Art.The South African Archaeological Bulletin pp.5-11.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Gopher 1985 Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"László 1997 265","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Freundlich JC Schwabedissen H and Wendt WE. 1980. Köln radiocarbon measurements II.Radiocarbon22(01) pp.68-81.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC and Marais M. 1971. Pretoria radiocarbon dates I. Radiocarbon 13: 378-394","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon 23: 43-80","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"SARD","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}","note":"{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: vogelsang2010ems
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: freundlich1980rm
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: wendt1976mas
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: vogel1981prd
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogelsang R. Richter J. Jacobs Z. Eichhorn B. Linseele V. and Roberts
  R.G. 2010. New excavations of Middle Stone Age deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter
  Namibia: stratigraphy archaeology chronology and past environments.Journal of African
  Archaeology8(2) pp.185-218.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Kiel DB 2470
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Bradtmöller 2007
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Stäuble 1994
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Quitta & Kohl 1969: 234f.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Wendt W.E. 1976. ''Art Mobilier''from the Apollo 11 Cave South West
  Africa: Africa''s Oldest Dated Works of Art.The South African Archaeological Bulletin
  pp.5-11.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Gopher 1985 Kuijt and Bar-Yosef 1994
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: László 1997 265
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Freundlich JC Schwabedissen H and Wendt WE. 1980. Köln radiocarbon measurements
  II.Radiocarbon22(01) pp.68-81.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SARD
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC and Marais M. 1971. Pretoria radiocarbon dates I. Radiocarbon
  13: 378-394'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel JC and Visser E. 1981. Pretoria Radiocarbon dates II. Radiocarbon
  23: 43-80'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: SARD
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :url: "{https://github.com/emmaloftus/Southern-African-Radiocarbon-Database}"
  :note: "{ Loftus, E., Mitchell, P., & Ramsey, C. (2019). An archaeological radiocarbon
    database for southern Africa. Antiquity, 93(370), 870-885. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.75}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog