Site types
Cave and

Location

Coordinates (degrees)
038.970° N, 000.180° W
Coordinates (DMS)
038° 58' 00" W, 000° 10' 00" N
Country (ISO 3166)
Spain (ES)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (30)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
Gak-14102 charcoal NA NA 11510±170 BP 13750–13098 cal BP Tiffany 1981 Bird et al. 2022
/c14s/136775 habitat NA 14C 11893±443 BP 15205–12927 cal BP “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
/c14s/136774 habitat NA 14C 12959±364 BP 16500–14156 cal BP “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
OxA-22630 bone Coelodonta antiquitatis Linty NA NA 13275±55 BP 16115–15783 cal BP Wood R. 2016. QI ip. Bird et al. 2022
/c14s/136773 habitat NA 14C 13759±380 BP 17790–15600 cal BP “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
Birm-519a bone NA NA 13800±380 BP 17827–15650 cal BP Journal of World Prehistory 12 1998: 121-198 Vadillo conesa M. 2012. Revista Archivo de Prehistoria Levantina 29: 81-98. Bird et al. 2022
Birm-519 habitat NA 14C 13976±380 BP 18050–15912 cal BP Shotton et al. 1975 “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
Birm-519b bone NA NA 13976±300 BP 17855–16102 cal BP bdd ;Shotton F.W. Williams R.E.G. & Johnson A.S. 1975 (Radiocarbon 17: 272-3 [Birmingham University datelist 9]): unexpectedly old for Lower Solutrean[à] Bird et al. 2022
/c14s/136771 habitat NA 14C 15223±230 BP 18955–18110 cal BP “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
/c14s/136770 habitat NA 14C 16555±202 BP 20470–19530 cal BP “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
OxA-26341 bone Coelodonta antiquitatis Linty NA NA 16790±90 BP 20498–20080 cal BP Djindjian F. 1999. Le Paleolithique superieur en Europe. Paris Collin. Bronk Ramsey C. Archaeometry 57 1 (2015) 177-216. Bird et al. 2022
/c14s/136769 habitat NA 14C 17221±211 BP 21380–20320 cal BP “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
/c14s/136768 habitat NA 14C 17887±233 BP 22258–21025 cal BP “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
Birm-521 habitat NA 14C 17900±340 BP 22436–20845 cal BP Djindjian 2003 “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
Birm-521 bone NA NA 17900±340 BP 22436–20845 cal BP Vermeersch 2020 Bird et al. 2022
BM-861 NA NA 18080±850 BP 23785–19873 cal BP Vermeersch 2020 Bird et al. 2022
BM-861 habitat NA 14C 18080±850 BP 23785–19873 cal BP Burleigh et al. 1977 “PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database” 2011
OxA-26343 bone NA NA 18520±100 BP 22665–22226 cal BP Djindjian F. 1999. Le Paleolithique superieur en Europe. Paris Collin. Bronk Ramsey C. Archaeometry 57 1 (2015) 177-216. Bird et al. 2022
OxA-26344 bone Coelodonta antiquitatis Linty NA NA 18560±100 BP 22785–22295 cal BP Djindjian F. 1999. Le Paleolithique superieur en Europe. Paris Collin. Bronk Ramsey C. Archaeometry 57 1 (2015) 177-216. Bird et al. 2022
OxA-26342 bone NA NA 18640±100 BP 22866–22385 cal BP Djindjian F. 1999. Le Paleolithique superieur en Europe. Paris Collin. Bronk Ramsey C. Archaeometry 57 1 (2015) 177-216. Bird et al. 2022

typological date Typological dates (22)

Classification Estimated age References
Upper Paleolithic NA Burleigh et al. 1977
unspec. NA NA
unspec. NA NA
Upper Paleolithic NA Straus 1990
Solutrean NA NA
unspec. NA NA
Upper Paleolithic NA Straus 1990
Solutrean NA NA
unspec. NA NA
Upper Paleolithic NA Burleigh et al. 1977
Solutrean NA NA
Upper Paleolithic NA Djindjian 2003
Solutrean NA NA
unspec. NA NA
unspec. NA NA
unspec. NA NA
unspec. NA NA
Upper Paleolithic NA Shotton et al. 1975
Magdalenian NA NA
unspec. NA NA

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references

@misc{Burleigh et al. 1977,
  
}
@misc{Straus 1990,
  
}
@misc{Djindjian 2003,
  
}
@misc{Shotton et al. 1975,
  
}
@misc{Journal of World Prehistory 12 1998: 121-198,
  
}
@article{Vermeersch2020,
  title = {Radiocarbon Palaeolithic Europe Database: A Regularly Updated Dataset of the Radiometric Data Regarding the Palaeolithic of Europe, Siberia Included},
  author = {Vermeersch, Pierre M},
  year = {2020},
  month = {aug},
  journal = {Data Brief},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {105793},
  issn = {2352-3409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2020.105793},
  abstract = {At the Berlin INQUA Congress (1995) a working group, European Late Pleistocene Isotopic Stages 2 & 3: Humans, Their Ecology & Cultural Adaptations, was established under the direction of J. Renault-Miskovsky (Institut de Paléontologie humaine, Paris). One of the objectives was building a database of the human occupation of Europe during this period. The database has been enlarged and now includes Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites connecting them to their environmental conditions and the available chronometric dating. From version 14 on, only sites with chronometric data were included. In this database we have collected the available radiometric data from literature and from other more restricted databases. We try to incorporate newly published chronometric dates, collected from all kind of available publications. Only dates older than 9500 uncalibrated BP, correlated with a "cultural" level obtained by scientific excavations of European (Asian Russian Federation included) Palaeolithic sites, have been included. The dates are complemented with information related to cultural remains, stratigraphic, sedimentologic and palaeontologic information within a Microsoft Access database. For colleagues mainly interested in a list of all chronometric dates an Microsoft Excel list (with no details) is available (Tab. 1). A file, containing all sites with known coordinates, that can be opened for immediate use in Google Earth is available as a *.kmz file. It will give the possibility to introduce (by file open) in Google Earth the whole site list in "My Places". The database, version 27 (first version was available in 2002), contains now 13,202 site forms, (most of them with their geographical coordinates), comprising 17,022 radiometric data: Conv. 14C and AMS 14C (13,144 items), TL (678 items), OSL (1050 items), ESR, Th/U and AAR (2150 items) from the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. All 14C dates are conventional dates BP. This improved version 27 replaces the older version 26.},
  month_numeric = {8}
}
@misc{Journal of World Prehistory 12 1998: 121-198 Vadillo conesa M. 2012. Revista Archivo de Prehistoria Levantina 29: 81-98.,
  
}
@misc{bdd  ;Shotton F.W. Williams R.E.G. & Johnson A.S. 1975 (Radiocarbon 17: 272-3 [Birmingham University datelist 9]): unexpectedly old for Lower Solutrean[à],
  
}
@misc{Tiffany 1981,
  
}
@misc{Wood R.  2016. QI ip.,
  
}
@misc{Djindjian F.  1999. Le Paleolithique superieur en Europe. Paris Collin. Bronk Ramsey C.  Archaeometry 57 1 (2015) 177-216.,
  
}
@misc{Zilhao J.  2010. PNAS 107 1023-1028. Zilhao  J.  2016. QSR 145: 251-273.,
  
}
@article{dErricoEtAl2011,
  title = {PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database},
  author = {},
  date = {2011},
  journaltitle = {PaleoAnthropology},
  volume = {2011},
  pages = {1–12},
  abstract = {Numerous Paleolithic radiocarbon databases exist, but their geographic and temporal scopes are diverse and their availability variable. With this paper we make available to the scientific community a georeferenced database of radiocarbon ages for the late Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, and initial Holocene in Europe. The PACEA radiocarbon database consists of conventional and AMS 14C age determinations from archaeological sites in Europe that fall within Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 3–1. In all, we have assembled 6,019 radiocarbon ages (conventional=3,820, AMS=2,176, unspecified=23) from a total of 1,208 sites, along with comprehensive contextual information on the dated samples.},
  keywords = {⛔ No DOI found},
  file = {/home/joeroe/g/work/library/2011/d’Errico_et_al_2011.pdf}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"Burleigh et al. 1977","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Straus 1990","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Djindjian 2003","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Shotton et al. 1975","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Journal of World Prehistory 12 1998: 121-198","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"Vermeersch2020","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{Radiocarbon Palaeolithic Europe Database: A Regularly Updated Dataset of the Radiometric Data Regarding the Palaeolithic of Europe, Siberia Included}","author":"{Vermeersch, Pierre M}","year":"{2020}","month":"{aug}","journal":"{Data Brief}","volume":"{31}","pages":"{105793}","issn":"{2352-3409}","doi":"{10.1016/j.dib.2020.105793}","abstract":"{At the Berlin INQUA Congress (1995) a working group, European Late Pleistocene Isotopic Stages 2 & 3: Humans, Their Ecology & Cultural Adaptations, was established under the direction of J. Renault-Miskovsky (Institut de Paléontologie humaine, Paris). One of the objectives was building a database of the human occupation of Europe during this period. The database has been enlarged and now includes Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites connecting them to their environmental conditions and the available chronometric dating. From version 14 on, only sites with chronometric data were included. In this database we have collected the available radiometric data from literature and from other more restricted databases. We try to incorporate newly published chronometric dates, collected from all kind of available publications. Only dates older than 9500 uncalibrated BP, correlated with a \"cultural\" level obtained by scientific excavations of European (Asian Russian Federation included) Palaeolithic sites, have been included. The dates are complemented with information related to cultural remains, stratigraphic, sedimentologic and palaeontologic information within a Microsoft Access database. For colleagues mainly interested in a list of all chronometric dates an Microsoft Excel list (with no details) is available (Tab. 1). A file, containing all sites with known coordinates, that can be opened for immediate use in Google Earth is available as a *.kmz file. It will give the possibility to introduce (by file open) in Google Earth the whole site list in \"My Places\". The database, version 27 (first version was available in 2002), contains now 13,202 site forms, (most of them with their geographical coordinates), comprising 17,022 radiometric data: Conv. 14C and AMS 14C (13,144 items), TL (678 items), OSL (1050 items), ESR, Th/U and AAR (2150 items) from the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. All 14C dates are conventional dates BP. This improved version 27 replaces the older version 26.}","month_numeric":"{8}"}]{"bibtex_key":"Journal of World Prehistory 12 1998: 121-198 Vadillo conesa M. 2012. Revista Archivo de Prehistoria Levantina 29: 81-98.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"bdd  ;Shotton F.W. Williams R.E.G. & Johnson A.S. 1975 (Radiocarbon 17: 272-3 [Birmingham University datelist 9]): unexpectedly old for Lower Solutrean[à]","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Tiffany 1981","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Wood R.  2016. QI ip.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Djindjian F.  1999. Le Paleolithique superieur en Europe. Paris Collin. Bronk Ramsey C.  Archaeometry 57 1 (2015) 177-216.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Zilhao J.  2010. PNAS 107 1023-1028. Zilhao  J.  2016. QSR 145: 251-273.","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"dErricoEtAl2011","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database}","author":"{}","date":"{2011}","journaltitle":"{PaleoAnthropology}","volume":"{2011}","pages":"{1–12}","abstract":"{Numerous Paleolithic radiocarbon databases exist, but their geographic and temporal scopes are diverse and their availability variable. With this paper we make available to the scientific community a georeferenced database of radiocarbon ages for the late Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, and initial Holocene in Europe. The PACEA radiocarbon database consists of conventional and AMS 14C age determinations from archaeological sites in Europe that fall within Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 3–1. In all, we have assembled 6,019 radiocarbon ages (conventional=3,820, AMS=2,176, unspecified=23) from a total of 1,208 sites, along with comprehensive contextual information on the dated samples.}","keywords":"{⛔ No DOI found}","file":"{/home/joeroe/g/work/library/2011/d’Errico_et_al_2011.pdf}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: Burleigh et al. 1977
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Straus 1990
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Djindjian 2003
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Shotton et al. 1975
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Journal of World Prehistory 12 1998: 121-198'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: Vermeersch2020
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{Radiocarbon Palaeolithic Europe Database: A Regularly Updated Dataset
    of the Radiometric Data Regarding the Palaeolithic of Europe, Siberia Included}"
  :author: "{Vermeersch, Pierre M}"
  :year: "{2020}"
  :month: "{aug}"
  :journal: "{Data Brief}"
  :volume: "{31}"
  :pages: "{105793}"
  :issn: "{2352-3409}"
  :doi: "{10.1016/j.dib.2020.105793}"
  :abstract: '{At the Berlin INQUA Congress (1995) a working group, European Late
    Pleistocene Isotopic Stages 2 & 3: Humans, Their Ecology & Cultural Adaptations,
    was established under the direction of J. Renault-Miskovsky (Institut de Paléontologie
    humaine, Paris). One of the objectives was building a database of the human occupation
    of Europe during this period. The database has been enlarged and now includes
    Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites connecting them to their environmental
    conditions and the available chronometric dating. From version 14 on, only sites
    with chronometric data were included. In this database we have collected the available
    radiometric data from literature and from other more restricted databases. We
    try to incorporate newly published chronometric dates, collected from all kind
    of available publications. Only dates older than 9500 uncalibrated BP, correlated
    with a "cultural" level obtained by scientific excavations of European (Asian
    Russian Federation included) Palaeolithic sites, have been included. The dates
    are complemented with information related to cultural remains, stratigraphic,
    sedimentologic and palaeontologic information within a Microsoft Access database.
    For colleagues mainly interested in a list of all chronometric dates an Microsoft
    Excel list (with no details) is available (Tab. 1). A file, containing all sites
    with known coordinates, that can be opened for immediate use in Google Earth is
    available as a *.kmz file. It will give the possibility to introduce (by file
    open) in Google Earth the whole site list in "My Places". The database, version
    27 (first version was available in 2002), contains now 13,202 site forms, (most
    of them with their geographical coordinates), comprising 17,022 radiometric data:
    Conv. 14C and AMS 14C (13,144 items), TL (678 items), OSL (1050 items), ESR, Th/U
    and AAR (2150 items) from the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. All 14C dates
    are conventional dates BP. This improved version 27 replaces the older version
    26.}'
  :month_numeric: "{8}"
---
:bibtex_key: 'Journal of World Prehistory 12 1998: 121-198 Vadillo conesa M. 2012.
  Revista Archivo de Prehistoria Levantina 29: 81-98.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'bdd  ;Shotton F.W. Williams R.E.G. & Johnson A.S. 1975 (Radiocarbon
  17: 272-3 [Birmingham University datelist 9]): unexpectedly old for Lower Solutrean[à]'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Tiffany 1981
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Wood R.  2016. QI ip.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Djindjian F.  1999. Le Paleolithique superieur en Europe. Paris Collin.
  Bronk Ramsey C.  Archaeometry 57 1 (2015) 177-216.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Zilhao J.  2010. PNAS 107 1023-1028. Zilhao  J.  2016. QSR 145: 251-273.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: dErricoEtAl2011
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{PACEA Geo-Referenced Radiocarbon Database}"
  :author: "{}"
  :date: "{2011}"
  :journaltitle: "{PaleoAnthropology}"
  :volume: "{2011}"
  :pages: "{1–12}"
  :abstract: "{Numerous Paleolithic radiocarbon databases exist, but their geographic
    and temporal scopes are diverse and their availability variable. With this paper
    we make available to the scientific community a georeferenced database of radiocarbon
    ages for the late Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, and initial Holocene
    in Europe. The PACEA radiocarbon database consists of conventional and AMS 14C
    age determinations from archaeological sites in Europe that fall within Marine
    Isotope Stages (MIS) 3–1. In all, we have assembled 6,019 radiocarbon ages (conventional=3,820,
    AMS=2,176, unspecified=23) from a total of 1,208 sites, along with comprehensive
    contextual information on the dated samples.}"
  :keywords: "{⛔ No DOI found}"
  :file: "{/home/joeroe/g/work/library/2011/d’Errico_et_al_2011.pdf}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

Changelog