Site type

Location

200 m
Leaflet Tiles © Esri — Source: Esri, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, GeoEye, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, UPR-EGP, and the GIS User Community
Coordinates (degrees)
024.860° N, 010.540° E
Coordinates (DMS)
024° 51' 00" E, 010° 32' 00" N
Country (ISO 3166)
Libya (LY)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (15)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
60Pi NA 14C 5405±180 BP 6599–5748 cal BP Manning et al. 2015 Weninger 2022
61Pi NA 14C 7438±220 BP 8755–7755 cal BP Manning et al. 2015 Weninger 2022
DU-224 NA 14C 3770±200 BP 4806–3592 cal BP Manning et al. 2015 Weninger 2022
DU-225 NA 14C 5952±120 BP 7157–6492 cal BP Manning et al. 2015 Weninger 2022
DU-225a NA 14C 6035±100 BP 7159–6670 cal BP Manning et al. 2015 Weninger 2022
DU-226 NA 14C 5350±200 BP 6540–5609 cal BP Manning et al. 2015 Weninger 2022
GX-87 NA 14C 4730±310 BP 6184–4585 cal BP Manning et al. 2015 Weninger 2022
OxA-4390 antler Citrullus lanatus 14C 5400±80 BP 6385–5948 cal BP Hinz et al. 2012 Weninger 2022
OxA-4390 MV93, 06 antler Citrullus lanatus NA 5400±80 BP 6385–5948 cal BP Hinz et al. 2012
60Pi NA NA 5405±180 BP 6599–5748 cal BP ManningTimpson2014 Bird et al. 2022
61Pi NA NA 7438±220 BP 8755–7755 cal BP ManningTimpson2014 Bird et al. 2022
OxA-4390 antler NA NA 5400±80 BP 6385–5948 cal BP Hinz et al. 2012 Bird et al. 2022
UD-224 NA NA 3770±200 BP 4806–3592 cal BP ManningTimpson2014 Bird et al. 2022
UD-225 NA NA 5952±120 BP 7157–6492 cal BP ManningTimpson2014 Bird et al. 2022
UD-226 NA NA 5350±200 BP 6540–5609 cal BP Capuzzo, Boaretto, and Barceló 2014 Bird et al. 2022

typological date Typological dates (0)

Classification Estimated age References

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references

  • Manning, K., Timpson, A., Colledge, S., Crema, E., & Shennan, S. (2015). The Cultural Evolution of Neolithic Europe. EUROEVOL Dataset [Data set]. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1469811/ [EUROEVOL (via CalPal)]
  • Hinz, M., Furholt, M., Müller, J., Raetzel-Fabian, D., Rinne, C., Sjögren, K.-G., & Wotzka, H.-P. (2012). RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age. Journal of Neolithic Archaeology, 14, 1–4. https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116 [RADON]
  • No bibliographic information available. [ManningTimpson2014]
  • Capuzzo, G., Boaretto, E., & Barceló, J. A. (2014). EUBAR: A Database of 14C Measurements for the European Bronze Age. A Bayesian Analysis of 14C-Dated Archaeological Contexts from Northern Italy and Southern France. Radiocarbon, 56(2), 851–869. https://doi.org/10.2458/56.17453 [EUBAR]
  • Weninger, B. (2022). CalPal Edition 2022.9. Zenodo. https://doi.org/1010.5281/zenodo.7422618 [CalPal2022]
  • Hinz, M., Furholt, M., Müller, J., Raetzel-Fabian, D., Rinne, C., Sjögren, K.-G., & Wotzka, H.-P. (2012). RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age. Journal of Neolithic Archaeology, 14, 1–4. https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116 [RADON]
  • Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]
@dataset{EUROEVOL,
  title = {The Cultural Evolution of Neolithic Europe. EUROEVOL Dataset},
  author = {Manning, K. and Timpson, A. and Colledge, S. and Crema, E. and Shennan, S.},
  date = {2015-07-09},
  url = {https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1469811/},
  urldate = {2023-09-07},
  abstract = {This dataset comprises the primary data collected for the Cultural Evolution of Neolithic Europe project (EUROEVOL), led by Professor Stephen Shennan, UCL. The dataset offers the largest repository of archaeological site and radiocarbon data from Neolithic Europe (4,757 sites and 14,131 radiocarbon samples), dating between the late Mesolithic and Early Bronze Age, as well as the largest collections of archaeobotanical data (>8300 records for 729 different species, genera and families, and the largest collection of animal bone data with >3 million NISP counts and >36,000 biometrics.},
  langid = {english}
}
@article{RADON,
  title = {RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.},
  author = {Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter},
  date = {2012},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Neolithic Archaeology},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {1–4},
  url = {https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116},
  abstract = {In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}
}
@misc{ManningTimpson2014,
  
}
@article{CapuzzoEtAl2014,
  title = {EUBAR: A Database of 14C Measurements for the European Bronze Age. A Bayesian Analysis of 14C-Dated Archaeological Contexts from Northern Italy and Southern France},
  shorttitle = {EUBAR},
  author = {Capuzzo, Giacomo and Boaretto, Elisabetta and Barceló, Juan A.},
  year = {2014},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Radiocarbon},
  volume = {56},
  number = {2},
  pages = {851–869},
  issn = {0033-8222, 1945-5755},
  doi = {10.2458/56.17453},
  abstract = {The chronological framework of European protohistory is mostly a relative chronology based on typology and stratigraphic data. Synchronization of different time periods suffers from a lack of absolute dates; therefore, disagreements between different chronological schemes are difficult to reconcile. An alternative approach was applied in this study to build a more precise and accurate absolute chronology. To the best of our knowledge, we have collected all the published 14C dates for the archaeological sites in the region from the Ebro River (Spain) to the Middle Danube Valley (Austria) for the period 1800–750 BC. The available archaeological information associated with the 14C dates was organized in a database that totaled more than 1600 14C dates. In order to build an accurate and precise chronology, quality selection rules have been applied to the 14C dates based on both archaeological context and analytical quality. Using the OxCal software and Bayesian analysis, several 14C time sequences were created following the archaeological data and different possible scenarios were tested in northern Italy and southern France.},
  langid = {english},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
@misc{CalPal,
  title = {CalPal Edition 2022.9},
  author = {Weninger, Bernie},
  year = {2022},
  month = {sep},
  doi = {1010.5281/zenodo.7422618},
  url = {https://zenodo.org/record/7422618},
  abstract = {CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access},
  howpublished = {Zenodo},
  month_numeric = {9}
}
@article{RADON,
  title = {RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.},
  author = {Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter},
  date = {2012},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Neolithic Archaeology},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {1–4},
  url = {https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116},
  abstract = {In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
[{"bibtex_key":"EUROEVOL","bibtex_type":"dataset","title":"{The Cultural Evolution of Neolithic Europe. EUROEVOL Dataset}","author":"{Manning, K. and Timpson, A. and Colledge, S. and Crema, E. and Shennan, S.}","date":"{2015-07-09}","url":"{https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1469811/}","urldate":"{2023-09-07}","abstract":"{This dataset comprises the primary data collected for the Cultural Evolution of Neolithic Europe project (EUROEVOL), led by Professor Stephen Shennan, UCL. The dataset offers the largest repository of archaeological site and radiocarbon data from Neolithic Europe (4,757 sites and 14,131 radiocarbon samples), dating between the late Mesolithic and Early Bronze Age, as well as the largest collections of archaeobotanical data (>8300 records for 729 different species, genera and families, and the largest collection of animal bone data with >3 million NISP counts and >36,000 biometrics.}","langid":"{english}"}][{"bibtex_key":"RADON","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}","author":"{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}","date":"{2012}","journaltitle":"{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}","volume":"{14}","pages":"{1–4}","url":"{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}","abstract":"{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}"}]{"bibtex_key":"ManningTimpson2014","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"CapuzzoEtAl2014","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{EUBAR: A Database of 14C Measurements for the European Bronze Age. A Bayesian Analysis of 14C-Dated Archaeological Contexts from Northern Italy and Southern France}","shorttitle":"{EUBAR}","author":"{Capuzzo, Giacomo and Boaretto, Elisabetta and Barceló, Juan A.}","year":"{2014}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Radiocarbon}","volume":"{56}","number":"{2}","pages":"{851–869}","issn":"{0033-8222, 1945-5755}","doi":"{10.2458/56.17453}","abstract":"{The chronological framework of European protohistory is mostly a relative chronology based on typology and stratigraphic data. Synchronization of different time periods suffers from a lack of absolute dates; therefore, disagreements between different chronological schemes are difficult to reconcile. An alternative approach was applied in this study to build a more precise and accurate absolute chronology. To the best of our knowledge, we have collected all the published 14C dates for the archaeological sites in the region from the Ebro River (Spain) to the Middle Danube Valley (Austria) for the period 1800–750 BC. The available archaeological information associated with the 14C dates was organized in a database that totaled more than 1600 14C dates. In order to build an accurate and precise chronology, quality selection rules have been applied to the 14C dates based on both archaeological context and analytical quality. Using the OxCal software and Bayesian analysis, several 14C time sequences were created following the archaeological data and different possible scenarios were tested in northern Italy and southern France.}","langid":"{english}","month_numeric":"{1}"}][{"bibtex_key":"CalPal","bibtex_type":"misc","title":"{CalPal Edition 2022.9}","author":"{Weninger, Bernie}","year":"{2022}","month":"{sep}","doi":"{1010.5281/zenodo.7422618}","url":"{https://zenodo.org/record/7422618}","abstract":"{CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.}","copyright":"{Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access}","howpublished":"{Zenodo}","month_numeric":"{9}"}][{"bibtex_key":"RADON","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}","author":"{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}","date":"{2012}","journaltitle":"{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}","volume":"{14}","pages":"{1–4}","url":"{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}","abstract":"{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]
---
- :bibtex_key: EUROEVOL
  :bibtex_type: :dataset
  :title: "{The Cultural Evolution of Neolithic Europe. EUROEVOL Dataset}"
  :author: "{Manning, K. and Timpson, A. and Colledge, S. and Crema, E. and Shennan,
    S.}"
  :date: "{2015-07-09}"
  :url: "{https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1469811/}"
  :urldate: "{2023-09-07}"
  :abstract: "{This dataset comprises the primary data collected for the Cultural
    Evolution of Neolithic Europe project (EUROEVOL), led by Professor Stephen Shennan,
    UCL. The dataset offers the largest repository of archaeological site and radiocarbon
    data from Neolithic Europe (4,757 sites and 14,131 radiocarbon samples), dating
    between the late Mesolithic and Early Bronze Age, as well as the largest collections
    of archaeobotanical data (>8300 records for 729 different species, genera and
    families, and the largest collection of animal bone data with >3 million NISP
    counts and >36,000 biometrics.}"
  :langid: "{english}"
---
- :bibtex_key: RADON
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C
    Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}"
  :author: "{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian,
    Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}"
  :date: "{2012}"
  :journaltitle: "{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}"
  :volume: "{14}"
  :pages: "{1–4}"
  :url: "{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}"
  :abstract: "{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific
    dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently
    of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller
    2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy,
    still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level,
    it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and
    that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as
    sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates,
    but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate
    results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e.
    g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This
    approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which
    we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has
    been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C
    data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia –
    is collected and successively augmented.}"
---
:bibtex_key: ManningTimpson2014
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: CapuzzoEtAl2014
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{EUBAR: A Database of 14C Measurements for the European Bronze Age. A Bayesian
    Analysis of 14C-Dated Archaeological Contexts from Northern Italy and Southern
    France}"
  :shorttitle: "{EUBAR}"
  :author: "{Capuzzo, Giacomo and Boaretto, Elisabetta and Barceló, Juan A.}"
  :year: "{2014}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Radiocarbon}"
  :volume: "{56}"
  :number: "{2}"
  :pages: "{851–869}"
  :issn: "{0033-8222, 1945-5755}"
  :doi: "{10.2458/56.17453}"
  :abstract: "{The chronological framework of European protohistory is mostly a relative
    chronology based on typology and stratigraphic data. Synchronization of different
    time periods suffers from a lack of absolute dates; therefore, disagreements between
    different chronological schemes are difficult to reconcile. An alternative approach
    was applied in this study to build a more precise and accurate absolute chronology.
    To the best of our knowledge, we have collected all the published 14C dates for
    the archaeological sites in the region from the Ebro River (Spain) to the Middle
    Danube Valley (Austria) for the period 1800–750 BC. The available archaeological
    information associated with the 14C dates was organized in a database that totaled
    more than 1600 14C dates. In order to build an accurate and precise chronology,
    quality selection rules have been applied to the 14C dates based on both archaeological
    context and analytical quality. Using the OxCal software and Bayesian analysis,
    several 14C time sequences were created following the archaeological data and
    different possible scenarios were tested in northern Italy and southern France.}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"
---
- :bibtex_key: CalPal
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :title: "{CalPal Edition 2022.9}"
  :author: "{Weninger, Bernie}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{sep}"
  :doi: "{1010.5281/zenodo.7422618}"
  :url: "{https://zenodo.org/record/7422618}"
  :abstract: "{CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research
    for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.}"
  :copyright: "{Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access}"
  :howpublished: "{Zenodo}"
  :month_numeric: "{9}"
---
- :bibtex_key: RADON
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C
    Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}"
  :author: "{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian,
    Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}"
  :date: "{2012}"
  :journaltitle: "{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}"
  :volume: "{14}"
  :pages: "{1–4}"
  :url: "{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}"
  :abstract: "{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific
    dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently
    of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller
    2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy,
    still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level,
    it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and
    that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as
    sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates,
    but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate
    results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e.
    g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This
    approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which
    we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has
    been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C
    data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia –
    is collected and successively augmented.}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"

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