Ilipinar
Archaeological site
in Türkiye
Record created in XRONOS on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC.
Last updated on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC.
See changelog for details.
Contributors: XRONOS development team
Contributors: XRONOS development team
Location
Radiocarbon dates
(280)
| Lab ID | Context | Material | Taxon | Method | Uncalibrated age | Calibrated age | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GrN-17048 | S9-094;from destruction layer of postwall house; phase X, square S9, destruction layer of house; Phase X; Sounding in S9, from destruction layer of postwall house | charcoal | NA | NA | 7025±95 BP | Roodenberg and Schier 2001; Erdoğu 2003; Brami and Zanotti 2015; CalPal; Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022 | |
| GrN-17048 | charcoal | NA | 14C | 7025±95 BP | Roodenberg 2001 Weninger 2022 | ||
| GrN-17049 | Phase IV (LCh), W12-075+126 burial; phase IV (LCh), W12-075+126 burial | bone | NA | NA | 4850±60 BP | Clare and Weninger 2014; Brami 2014; Brami and Zanotti 2015; CalPal; Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022 | |
| GrN-17049 | bone | Homo sapiens | 14C | 4850±60 BP | Roodenberg 2001 Weninger 2022 | ||
| GrN-17049 | Human bone | Homo sapiens | NA | 4850±60 BP | Roodenberg & Schier 2001 Bird et al. 2022 | ||
| GrN-17051 | Charcoal | NA | NA | 6960±45 BP | Roodenberg & Schier 2001 Bird et al. 2022 | ||
| GrN-17051 | W13-214;area 1, destruction layer of oldest building in X13; phase IX, square W13, area 1, house destruction; Phase IX; Big square, area 1, destruction layer of oldest building in X13 | charcoal | NA | NA | 6960±45 BP | Roodenberg and Schier 2001; Erdoğu 2003; Brami and Zanotti 2015; CalPal; Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022 | |
| GrN-17051 | charcoal | NA | NA | 6960±45 BP | Roodenberg and Schier 2001, Thissen 2002a | ||
| GrN-17051 | charcoal | NA | 14C | 6960±45 BP | Roodenberg 2001 Weninger 2022 | ||
| GrN-17052 | charcoal | NA | NA | 6995±45 BP | Roodenberg and Schier 2001, Thissen 2002a | ||
| GrN-17052 | charcoal | NA | 14C | 6995±45 BP | Roodenberg 2001 Weninger 2022 | ||
| GrN-17052 | Charcoal | NA | NA | 6995±45 BP | Roodenberg & Schier 2001 Bird et al. 2022 | ||
| GrN-17052 | W13-226;area 3, destruction layer of oldest building in X13; phase IX, square W13, area 3, house destruction; Phase IX; Big square, area 3, destruction layer of oldest building in X13 | charcoal | NA | NA | 6995±45 BP | Roodenberg and Schier 2001; Erdoğu 2003; Brami and Zanotti 2015; CalPal; Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022 | |
| GrN-17053 | charcoal | NA | 14C | 6750±65 BP | Roodenberg 2001 Weninger 2022 | ||
| GrN-17053 | Charcoal | NA | NA | 6750±65 BP | Roodenberg & Schier 2001 Bird et al. 2022 | ||
| GrN-17053 | X13-140;fill inside house H3 slightly posterior to occupation; phase VIII, square X13, house, posterior fill; Phase VIII; Big square, fill inside house H3, slightly posterior to occupation | charcoal | NA | NA | 6750±65 BP | Roodenberg and Schier 2001; Erdoğu 2003; Brami and Zanotti 2015; CalPal; Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022 | |
| GrN-17053 | charcoal | NA | NA | 6750±65 BP | Roodenberg and Schier 2001, Thissen 2002a | ||
| GrN-17054 | charcoal | NA | NA | 6990±30 BP | Roodenberg and Schier 2001, Thissen 2002a | ||
| GrN-17054 | X13-235;area 13, destruction layer H5/4a; phase VIII, square X13, area 13, destruction layer; Phase VIII; Big square, area 13, destruction layer H5/4a | charcoal | NA | NA | 6990±30 BP | Roodenberg and Schier 2001; Erdoğu 2003; Brami and Zanotti 2015; CalPal; Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016 Palmisano et al. 2022 | |
| GrN-17054 | charcoal | NA | 14C | 6990±30 BP | Roodenberg 2001 Weninger 2022 |
Typological dates
(202)
| Classification | Estimated age | References |
|---|---|---|
| Chalcolithic | NA | Roodenberg 2001 |
| Phase IX | NA | NA |
| Chalcolithic | NA | Roodenberg 2001 |
| Phase IX | NA | NA |
| Chalcolithic | NA | Roodenberg 2001 |
| Phase X | NA | NA |
| Chalcolithic | NA | Roodenberg 2001 |
| Phase IX | NA | NA |
| Chalcolithic | NA | Roodenberg 2001 |
| Phase X | NA | NA |
| Chalcolithic | NA | Roodenberg 2001 |
| Phase X | NA | NA |
| Chalcolithic | NA | Roodenberg 2001 |
| Phase X | NA | NA |
| Chalcolithic | NA | Roodenberg 2001 |
| Phase IX | NA | NA |
| Chalcolithic | NA | Roodenberg 2001 |
| Phase VIII | NA | NA |
| Chalcolithic | NA | Roodenberg 2001 |
| Phase VIII | NA | NA |
Bibliographic references
- No bibliographic information available. [Roodenberg 2001]
- No bibliographic information available. [CONTEXT, Sagona and Zimansky 2009, CalPal]
- No bibliographic information available. [Roodenberg and Schier 2001, Thissen 2002a]
- No bibliographic information available. [Roodenberg and Schier 2001; Erdoğu 2003; Flohr et al. 2016]
- No bibliographic information available. [Roodenberg and Schier 2001; Erdoğu 2003; Brami and Zanotti 2015; CalPal; Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016]
- No bibliographic information available. [Erdoğu 2003; Clare and Weninger 2014; Brami 2014; Brami and Zanotti 2015; CalPal; Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016]
- No bibliographic information available. [TAY Project]
- No bibliographic information available. [Clare and Weninger 2014; Brami 2014; Brami and Zanotti 2015; CalPal; Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016]
- No bibliographic information available. [Roodenberg and Schier 2001; Erdoğu 2003; CalPal]
- No bibliographic information available. [Flohretal2016]
- No bibliographic information available. [Roodenberg & Schier 2001]
- No bibliographic information available. [Roodenberg & Schier 2001 Groningen 14C database]
- No bibliographic information available. [Lanting et al. 1999/2000 72]
- Weninger, B. (2022). CalPal Edition 2022.9. Zenodo. https://doi.org/1010.5281/zenodo.7422618 [CalPal2022]
- http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/index.php [CONTEXT]
- Palmisano, A., Bevan, A., Lawrence, D., & Shennan, S. (2022). The NERD Dataset: Near East Radiocarbon Dates between 15,000 and 1,500 Cal. Yr. BP. 10(0), 2. https://doi.org/10.5334/joad.90 [NERD]
- Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]
@misc{Roodenberg 2001,
}
@misc{CONTEXT, Sagona and Zimansky 2009, CalPal,
}
@misc{Roodenberg and Schier 2001, Thissen 2002a,
}
@misc{Roodenberg and Schier 2001; Erdoğu 2003; Flohr et al. 2016,
}
@misc{Roodenberg and Schier 2001; Erdoğu 2003; Brami and Zanotti 2015; CalPal; Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016,
}
@misc{Erdoğu 2003; Clare and Weninger 2014; Brami 2014; Brami and Zanotti 2015; CalPal; Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016,
}
@misc{TAY Project,
}
@misc{Clare and Weninger 2014; Brami 2014; Brami and Zanotti 2015; CalPal; Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016,
}
@misc{Roodenberg and Schier 2001; Erdoğu 2003; CalPal,
}
@misc{Flohretal2016,
}
@misc{Roodenberg & Schier 2001,
}
@misc{Roodenberg & Schier 2001 Groningen 14C database,
}
@misc{Lanting et al. 1999/2000 72,
}
@misc{CalPal,
title = {CalPal Edition 2022.9},
author = {Weninger, Bernie},
year = {2022},
month = {sep},
doi = {1010.5281/zenodo.7422618},
url = {https://zenodo.org/record/7422618},
abstract = {CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.},
copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access},
howpublished = {Zenodo},
month_numeric = {9}
}
@misc{CONTEXT,
url = {http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/index.php},
note = {Schyle, D. & Böhner, U. 2006. Near Eastern radiocarbon CONTEXT database. https://doi.org/10.1594/GFZ.CONTEXT.ED1}
}
@article{NERD,
title = {The NERD Dataset: Near East Radiocarbon Dates between 15,000 and 1,500 Cal. Yr. BP},
shorttitle = {The NERD Dataset},
author = {Palmisano, Alessio and Bevan, Andrew and Lawrence, Dan and Shennan, Stephen},
date = {2022-02-22},
volume = {10},
number = {0},
pages = {2},
publisher = {Ubiquity Press},
issn = {2049-1565},
doi = {10.5334/joad.90},
url = {https://openarchaeologydata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/joad.90},
urldate = {2023-09-07},
abstract = {To our knowledge, the dataset described in this paper represents the largest existing repository of uncalibrated radiocarbon dates for the whole Near East from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene (15,000 – 1,500 cal. yr. BP). It is composed of 11,027 radiocarbon dates from 1,023 sites that have been collected comprehensively by cross-checking multiple sources (extant digital archives and databases, edited volumes, monographs, journals papers, archaeological excavation reports, etc.) under the umbrella of the Leverhulme Trust funded project “Changing the Face of the Mediterranean” and of the ERC project “CLASS – Climate, Landscape, Settlement and Society: Exploring Human-Environment Interaction in the Ancient Near East”. This is an ongoing dataset that will be updated step by step with newly published radiocarbon dates.},
issue = {0},
langid = {american},
file = {/home/joeroe/g/work/library/2022/Palmisano_et_al_2022.pdf}
}
@article{p3k14c,
title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
year = {2022},
month = {jan},
journal = {Scientific Data},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {27},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2052-4463},
doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
langid = {english},
keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
month_numeric = {1}
}
{"bibtex_key":"Roodenberg 2001","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"CONTEXT, Sagona and Zimansky 2009, CalPal","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Roodenberg and Schier 2001, Thissen 2002a","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Roodenberg and Schier 2001; Erdoğu 2003; Flohr et al. 2016","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Roodenberg and Schier 2001; Erdoğu 2003; Brami and Zanotti 2015; CalPal; Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Erdoğu 2003; Clare and Weninger 2014; Brami 2014; Brami and Zanotti 2015; CalPal; Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"TAY Project","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Clare and Weninger 2014; Brami 2014; Brami and Zanotti 2015; CalPal; Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Roodenberg and Schier 2001; Erdoğu 2003; CalPal","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Flohretal2016","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Roodenberg & Schier 2001","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Roodenberg & Schier 2001 Groningen 14C database","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Lanting et al. 1999/2000 72","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"CalPal","bibtex_type":"misc","title":"{CalPal Edition 2022.9}","author":"{Weninger, Bernie}","year":"{2022}","month":"{sep}","doi":"{1010.5281/zenodo.7422618}","url":"{https://zenodo.org/record/7422618}","abstract":"{CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.}","copyright":"{Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access}","howpublished":"{Zenodo}","month_numeric":"{9}"}][{"bibtex_key":"CONTEXT","bibtex_type":"misc","url":"{http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/index.php}","note":"{Schyle, D. & Böhner, U. 2006. Near Eastern radiocarbon CONTEXT database. https://doi.org/10.1594/GFZ.CONTEXT.ED1}"}][{"bibtex_key":"NERD","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{The NERD Dataset: Near East Radiocarbon Dates between 15,000 and 1,500 Cal. Yr. BP}","shorttitle":"{The NERD Dataset}","author":"{Palmisano, Alessio and Bevan, Andrew and Lawrence, Dan and Shennan, Stephen}","date":"{2022-02-22}","volume":"{10}","number":"{0}","pages":"{2}","publisher":"{Ubiquity Press}","issn":"{2049-1565}","doi":"{10.5334/joad.90}","url":"{https://openarchaeologydata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/joad.90}","urldate":"{2023-09-07}","abstract":"{To our knowledge, the dataset described in this paper represents the largest existing repository of uncalibrated radiocarbon dates for the whole Near East from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene (15,000 – 1,500 cal. yr. BP). It is composed of 11,027 radiocarbon dates from 1,023 sites that have been collected comprehensively by cross-checking multiple sources (extant digital archives and databases, edited volumes, monographs, journals papers, archaeological excavation reports, etc.) under the umbrella of the Leverhulme Trust funded project “Changing the Face of the Mediterranean” and of the ERC project “CLASS – Climate, Landscape, Settlement and Society: Exploring Human-Environment Interaction in the Ancient Near East”. This is an ongoing dataset that will be updated step by step with newly published radiocarbon dates.}","issue":"{0}","langid":"{american}","file":"{/home/joeroe/g/work/library/2022/Palmisano_et_al_2022.pdf}"}][{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. 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However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]---
:bibtex_key: Roodenberg 2001
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: CONTEXT, Sagona and Zimansky 2009, CalPal
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Roodenberg and Schier 2001, Thissen 2002a
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Roodenberg and Schier 2001; Erdoğu 2003; Flohr et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Roodenberg and Schier 2001; Erdoğu 2003; Brami and Zanotti 2015; CalPal;
Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Erdoğu 2003; Clare and Weninger 2014; Brami 2014; Brami and Zanotti 2015;
CalPal; Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: TAY Project
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Clare and Weninger 2014; Brami 2014; Brami and Zanotti 2015; CalPal;
Reingruber and Thissen 2016; Flohr et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Roodenberg and Schier 2001; Erdoğu 2003; CalPal
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Flohretal2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Roodenberg & Schier 2001
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Roodenberg & Schier 2001 Groningen 14C database
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Lanting et al. 1999/2000 72
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: CalPal
:bibtex_type: :misc
:title: "{CalPal Edition 2022.9}"
:author: "{Weninger, Bernie}"
:year: "{2022}"
:month: "{sep}"
:doi: "{1010.5281/zenodo.7422618}"
:url: "{https://zenodo.org/record/7422618}"
:abstract: "{CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research
for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.}"
:copyright: "{Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access}"
:howpublished: "{Zenodo}"
:month_numeric: "{9}"
---
- :bibtex_key: CONTEXT
:bibtex_type: :misc
:url: "{http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/index.php}"
:note: "{Schyle, D. & Böhner, U. 2006. Near Eastern radiocarbon CONTEXT database.
https://doi.org/10.1594/GFZ.CONTEXT.ED1}"
---
- :bibtex_key: NERD
:bibtex_type: :article
:title: "{The NERD Dataset: Near East Radiocarbon Dates between 15,000 and 1,500
Cal. Yr. BP}"
:shorttitle: "{The NERD Dataset}"
:author: "{Palmisano, Alessio and Bevan, Andrew and Lawrence, Dan and Shennan, Stephen}"
:date: "{2022-02-22}"
:volume: "{10}"
:number: "{0}"
:pages: "{2}"
:publisher: "{Ubiquity Press}"
:issn: "{2049-1565}"
:doi: "{10.5334/joad.90}"
:url: "{https://openarchaeologydata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/joad.90}"
:urldate: "{2023-09-07}"
:abstract: "{To our knowledge, the dataset described in this paper represents the
largest existing repository of uncalibrated radiocarbon dates for the whole Near
East from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene (15,000 – 1,500 cal. yr. BP).
It is composed of 11,027 radiocarbon dates from 1,023 sites that have been collected
comprehensively by cross-checking multiple sources (extant digital archives and
databases, edited volumes, monographs, journals papers, archaeological excavation
reports, etc.) under the umbrella of the Leverhulme Trust funded project “Changing
the Face of the Mediterranean” and of the ERC project “CLASS – Climate, Landscape,
Settlement and Society: Exploring Human-Environment Interaction in the Ancient
Near East”. This is an ongoing dataset that will be updated step by step with
newly published radiocarbon dates.}"
:issue: "{0}"
:langid: "{american}"
:file: "{/home/joeroe/g/work/library/2022/Palmisano_et_al_2022.pdf}"
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
:bibtex_type: :article
:title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
:author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
Jacob}"
:year: "{2022}"
:month: "{jan}"
:journal: "{Scientific Data}"
:volume: "{9}"
:number: "{1}"
:pages: "{27}"
:publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
:issn: "{2052-4463}"
:doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
:abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
:copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
:langid: "{english}"
:keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
:month_numeric: "{1}"