Site types
Rockshelter/cave and

Location

Coordinates (degrees)
036.762° N, 003.845° W
Coordinates (DMS)
036° 45' 00" W, 003° 50' 00" N
Country (ISO 3166)
Spain (ES)

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon dates (135)

Lab ID Context Material Taxon Method Uncalibrated age Calibrated age References
GifA-102010 NA seed/fruit Pinus nut C14 7610±90 BP 8590–8201 cal BP Balsera Weninger 2022
Beta-284148 NA seed/fruit Pinus nut 14C 7490±40 BP 8378–8195 cal BP Aura et al. 2013 Weninger 2022
Beta-284148 NA seed/fruit NA NA 7490±40 BP 8378–8195 cal BP Rojo 2013 Bird et al. 2022
GaK-8968 NA Fruit/Seed NA C14 7390±120 BP 8395–7977 cal BP Balsera Weninger 2022
Ly-2517 NA charcoal NA 14C 7240±80 BP 8280–7872 cal BP Andalucia 1 Weninger 2022
Ly-5217 NA charcoal NA 14C 7240±80 BP 8280–7872 cal BP Martínez Fernández 2010 Weninger 2022
Ly-2517 NA charcoal NA NA 7240±80 BP 8280–7872 cal BP Stordeur et al. 1982 Bird et al. 2022
GaK-8971 NA charcoal NA C14 7170±150 BP 8320–7688 cal BP Balsera Weninger 2022
GAK-8971 NA charcoal NA NA 7170±150 BP 8320–7688 cal BP Mederos Martín 1998 Bird et al. 2022
GAK-8971 N3 charcoal NA NA 7170±150 BP 8320–7688 cal BP Mederos Martín 1998 Hinz et al. 2012
GAK-8973 NA seed NA NA 7160±180 BP 8345–7667 cal BP Mederos Martín 1998 Bird et al. 2022
GaK-8963 NA NA NA NA 7160±150 BP 8318–7683 cal BP Linstädter 2004 Bird et al. 2022
GaK-8963 NA charcoal NA C14 7160±150 BP 8318–7683 cal BP Balsera Weninger 2022
GAK-8973 N.4-3 seed NA NA 7160±180 BP 8345–7667 cal BP Mederos Martín 1998 Hinz et al. 2012
GAK-8963 N. 5-4 charcoal NA NA 7160±150 BP 8318–7683 cal BP Mederos Martín 1998 Hinz et al. 2012
GAK-8963 NA charcoal NA NA 7160±150 BP 8318–7683 cal BP Mederos Martín 1998 Bird et al. 2022
GaK-8973 NA NA NA NA 7160±180 BP 8345–7667 cal BP Linstädter 2004 Bird et al. 2022
GaK-8973 NA Fruit/Seed acorn C14 7160±180 BP 8345–7667 cal BP Balsera Weninger 2022
Beta-284146 NA charcoal Short NA NA 7150±40 BP 8020–7875 cal BP Aura 2013 Bird et al. 2022
Beta-284146 NA charcoal Short lathirus sp 14C 7150±40 BP 8020–7875 cal BP Aura et al. 2013 Weninger 2022

typological date Typological dates (34)

Classification Estimated age References
Neolithic NA Aura et al. 2013
Neolithic NA Balsera
Neolithic NA Balsera
Neolithic NA Balsera
Neolithic NA Aguilera Aguilar 2011
Neolithic NA Aguilera Aguilar 2011
Neolithic NA Aguilera Aguilar 2012
Neolithic NA Aguilera Aguilar 2013
Neolithic NA Aguilera Aguilar 2014
Neolithic NA Aguilera Aguilar 2011
Epipalaeolithic NA Aura et al. 2013
Geometric Mesolithic NA NA
Neolithic NA Aura et al. 2013
Epipalaeolithic NA Aura et al. 2013
Geometric Mesolithic NA NA
Neolithic NA Puchol 2016
Epipalaeolithic NA Balsera
Geometric Mesolithic NA NA
Neolithic NA Balsera
Neolithic NA Andalucia 1

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references

@misc{Linstädter 2004,
  
}
@misc{van Willigen 2006,
  
}
@misc{Balsera,
  
}
@misc{Carvalho 2008,
  
}
@misc{Puchol 2016,
  
}
@misc{Andalucia 1,
  
}
@misc{Aura et al. 2013,
  
}
@misc{Aguilera Aguilar 2011,
  
}
@misc{Aguilera Aguilar 2012,
  
}
@misc{Aguilera Aguilar 2013,
  
}
@misc{Aguilera Aguilar 2014,
  
}
@misc{Martínez Fernández 2010,
  
}
@misc{Kiel DB 2013,
  
}
@misc{Stordeur et al. 1982,
  
}
@misc{Mederos Martín 1998,
  
}
@misc{Pellicer 1987,
  
}
@misc{Balsera et al. 2015,
  
}
@misc{Ziolkowski et al 1994,
  
}
@misc{Jorda Pardo J. e. a. 2008. UNED1: 239-256.,
  
}
@misc{Aura  2013,
  
}
@misc{Rojo  2013,
  
}
@misc{Mason Roger D. Mark L. Peterson 1994,
  
}
@misc{See Bosinski Street & Baales for comprehensive references,
  
}
@misc{Oross et al. 2016,
  
}
@misc{Jordá Pardo 2008,
  
}
@misc{Aura 1998,
  
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
@article{RADON,
  title = {RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.},
  author = {Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter},
  date = {2012},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Neolithic Archaeology},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {1–4},
  url = {https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116},
  abstract = {In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}
}
@dataset{RADON-B,
  title = {RADON-B – Radiocarbon Dates Online (Version 2014).  Database for European 14C Dates for the Bronze and Early Iron Age},
  author = {Kneisel, Jutta and Hinz, Martin and Rinne, Christophe},
  date = {2014},
  url = {https://radon-b.ufg.uni-kiel.de},
  abstract = {The database provides a quick overview of 14C dates from Europe. The time frame was limited to the Bronze and Early Iron Ages and covers the period from 2300 BC to 500 BC. The database can be searched by geographic or chronological factors, but also according to the nature of the sample material, the sites or features. The data and related information were taken from the literature cited in each case, and due to the timing of phases and culture assignment, are subject to change. We therefore assume no responsibility for the accuracy of source data.}
}
@misc{CalPal,
  title = {CalPal Edition 2022.9},
  author = {Weninger, Bernie},
  year = {2022},
  month = {sep},
  doi = {1010.5281/zenodo.7422618},
  url = {https://zenodo.org/record/7422618},
  abstract = {CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access},
  howpublished = {Zenodo},
  month_numeric = {9}
}
{"bibtex_key":"Linstädter 2004","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"van Willigen 2006","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Balsera","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Carvalho 2008","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Puchol 2016","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Andalucia 1","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Aura et al. 2013","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Aguilera Aguilar 2011","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Aguilera Aguilar 2012","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Aguilera Aguilar 2013","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Aguilera Aguilar 2014","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Martínez Fernández 2010","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kiel DB 2013","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Stordeur et al. 1982","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mederos Martín 1998","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Pellicer 1987","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Balsera et al. 2015","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Ziolkowski et al 1994","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Jorda Pardo J. e. a. 2008. UNED1: 239-256.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Aura  2013","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Rojo  2013","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mason Roger D. Mark L. Peterson 1994","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"See Bosinski Street & Baales for comprehensive references","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Oross et al. 2016","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Jordá Pardo 2008","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Aura 1998","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}][{"bibtex_key":"RADON","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}","author":"{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}","date":"{2012}","journaltitle":"{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}","volume":"{14}","pages":"{1–4}","url":"{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}","abstract":"{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}"}][{"bibtex_key":"RADON-B","bibtex_type":"dataset","title":"{RADON-B – Radiocarbon Dates Online (Version 2014).  Database for European 14C Dates for the Bronze and Early Iron Age}","author":"{Kneisel, Jutta and Hinz, Martin and Rinne, Christophe}","date":"{2014}","url":"{https://radon-b.ufg.uni-kiel.de}","abstract":"{The database provides a quick overview of 14C dates from Europe. The time frame was limited to the Bronze and Early Iron Ages and covers the period from 2300 BC to 500 BC. The database can be searched by geographic or chronological factors, but also according to the nature of the sample material, the sites or features. The data and related information were taken from the literature cited in each case, and due to the timing of phases and culture assignment, are subject to change. We therefore assume no responsibility for the accuracy of source data.}"}][{"bibtex_key":"CalPal","bibtex_type":"misc","title":"{CalPal Edition 2022.9}","author":"{Weninger, Bernie}","year":"{2022}","month":"{sep}","doi":"{1010.5281/zenodo.7422618}","url":"{https://zenodo.org/record/7422618}","abstract":"{CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.}","copyright":"{Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access}","howpublished":"{Zenodo}","month_numeric":"{9}"}]
---
:bibtex_key: Linstädter 2004
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: van Willigen 2006
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Balsera
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Carvalho 2008
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Puchol 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Andalucia 1
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Aura et al. 2013
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Aguilera Aguilar 2011
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Aguilera Aguilar 2012
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Aguilera Aguilar 2013
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Aguilera Aguilar 2014
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Martínez Fernández 2010
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Kiel DB 2013
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Stordeur et al. 1982
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Mederos Martín 1998
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Pellicer 1987
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Balsera et al. 2015
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Ziolkowski et al 1994
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Jorda Pardo J. e. a. 2008. UNED1: 239-256.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Aura  2013
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Rojo  2013
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Mason Roger D. Mark L. Peterson 1994
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: See Bosinski Street & Baales for comprehensive references
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Oross et al. 2016
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Jordá Pardo 2008
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Aura 1998
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"
---
- :bibtex_key: RADON
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C
    Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}"
  :author: "{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian,
    Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}"
  :date: "{2012}"
  :journaltitle: "{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}"
  :volume: "{14}"
  :pages: "{1–4}"
  :url: "{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}"
  :abstract: "{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific
    dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently
    of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller
    2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy,
    still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level,
    it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and
    that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as
    sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates,
    but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate
    results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e.
    g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This
    approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which
    we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has
    been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C
    data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia –
    is collected and successively augmented.}"
---
- :bibtex_key: RADON-B
  :bibtex_type: :dataset
  :title: "{RADON-B – Radiocarbon Dates Online (Version 2014).  Database for European
    14C Dates for the Bronze and Early Iron Age}"
  :author: "{Kneisel, Jutta and Hinz, Martin and Rinne, Christophe}"
  :date: "{2014}"
  :url: "{https://radon-b.ufg.uni-kiel.de}"
  :abstract: "{The database provides a quick overview of 14C dates from Europe. The
    time frame was limited to the Bronze and Early Iron Ages and covers the period
    from 2300 BC to 500 BC. The database can be searched by geographic or chronological
    factors, but also according to the nature of the sample material, the sites or
    features. The data and related information were taken from the literature cited
    in each case, and due to the timing of phases and culture assignment, are subject
    to change. We therefore assume no responsibility for the accuracy of source data.}"
---
- :bibtex_key: CalPal
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :title: "{CalPal Edition 2022.9}"
  :author: "{Weninger, Bernie}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{sep}"
  :doi: "{1010.5281/zenodo.7422618}"
  :url: "{https://zenodo.org/record/7422618}"
  :abstract: "{CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research
    for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.}"
  :copyright: "{Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access}"
  :howpublished: "{Zenodo}"
  :month_numeric: "{9}"

Changelog