Knowth – XRONOS

Site types

Burial, burial mound, crouched burial adult female, ditch, dog, early christian, enclosure, grooved ware structure, iron age burial, miscellaneous, passage grave, passage grave, passage tomb, passage tomb, passage tomb, pit, pit/post-hole, post-pit, prehistoric, ringfort - platform rath, western' neolithic complex. neolithic structure, and

Location

Coordinates (degrees): 053.701° N, 006.491° W
Coordinates (DMS): 053° 42' 00" W, 006° 29' 00" N
Country (ISO 3166): Ireland (IE)

Lab ID	Context	Material	Taxon	Method	Uncalibrated age	Calibrated age	References
OxA-7786	Sample 1 (UB-4090); basal structure layer	charcoal	NA	NA	4890±40 BP	5718–5490 cal BP	Ramsey et al. 2002; Whittle et al. 2011 Hinz et al. 2012
BM-1078	Knowth 16, spread sealed in mound of smaller tomb pre-dating main	charcoal	NA	NA	4399±67 BP	5283–4848 cal BP	Whittle et al. 2011; Eogan 1986 Hinz et al. 2012
GrN-20180	From the fill of Foundation Trench 1, under NE part of main tomb	charcoal	NA	NA	5040±15 BP	5891–5735 cal BP	Whittle et al. 2011b, 590 Hinz et al. 2012
GrN-12358	spread on old land surface beneath mound; Knowth I	charcoal	NA	NA	4490±60 BP	5314–4887 cal BP	Whittle et al. 2011 Hinz et al. 2012
GrN-11714	Knowth 9, cremation deposit in end recess	charcoal	NA	NA	4420±50 BP	5280–4863 cal BP	Whittle et al. 2011 Hinz et al. 2012
UB-318	Knowth 17, thin layer of dark material under mound	charcoal	NA	NA	4873±150 BP	5988–5149 cal BP	Whittle et al. 2011 Hinz et al. 2012
GrN-20179	From the fill of Foundation Trench 1, under NE part of main tomb	charcoal	NA	NA	5080±20 BP	5904–5750 cal BP	Whittle et al. 2011b, 589 Hinz et al. 2012
UB-358	cutting 36, basal sod layer of mound	collagen, bone	humic acid	NA	6835±110 BP	7929–7505 cal BP	Whittle et al. 2011 Hinz et al. 2012
GrN-12357	from mound	charcoal	NA	NA	4405±35 BP	5265–4861 cal BP	Whittle et al. 2011; Grogan 1991; Bergh 1995 Hinz et al. 2012
GrN-12827	sod layer at base of large mound below orthostat 75 of eastern tomb, Knowth I	charcoal	NA	NA	4465±40 BP	5293–4965 cal BP	Whittle et al. 2011 Hinz et al. 2012
BM-785	Knowth 2, spread of charcoal in mound	charcoal	NA	NA	4158±126 BP	5038–4295 cal BP	Whittle et al. 2011; Grogan 1991 Hinz et al. 2012
BM-1077	Passage grave	charcoal	NA	NA	3118±48 BP	3446–3215 cal BP	Hinz et al. 2012
GrN-20181	From the fill of Foundation Trench 6, on the east side of main tomb	charcoal	NA	NA	5345±20 BP	6263–6007 cal BP	Whittle et al. 2011b, 590 Hinz et al. 2012
BM-1076	Pit 6 in sub-rectangular House 1, associated with Neolithic pot sherds, under kerbstone 10 of tomb 8	charcoal	NA	NA	4852±71 BP	5740–5330 cal BP	Whittle et al. 2011b, 590 Hinz et al. 2012
UB-357	cuttings 29/30 and 36, basal sod layer of mound	charcoal	NA	NA	4745±165 BP	5893–4974 cal BP	Whittle et al. 2011 Hinz et al. 2012
UB-319	Knowth 17, thin layer of dark material under mound	charcoal	NA	NA	4797±185 BP	5924–4977 cal BP	Whittle et al. 2011 Hinz et al. 2012
BM-1077	NA	charcoal	NA	14C	3118±48 BP	3446–3215 cal BP	Chapple 2019 Weninger 2022
BM-78?	NA	NA	NA	14C	3185±255 BP	4076–2763 cal BP	Chapple 2019 Weninger 2022
GrA-448	NA	NA	NA	14C	3985±35 BP	4528–4310 cal BP	Chapple 2019 Weninger 2022
GrN-15372	NA	NA	NA	14C	2095±20 BP	2110–2000 cal BP	Chapple 2019 Weninger 2022

Classification	Estimated age	References
Neolithikum	NA	Ramsey et al. 2002; Whittle et al. 2011
Neolithikum	NA	Whittle et al. 2011; Eogan 1986
Mig	NA	Whittle et al. 2011b, 590
Neolithikum	NA	NA
Neolithikum	NA	Whittle et al. 2011
Neolithikum	NA	Whittle et al. 2011
Neolithikum	NA	Whittle et al. 2011
Mig	NA	Whittle et al. 2011b, 589
Neolithikum	NA	NA
Neolithikum	NA	Whittle et al. 2011
Neolithikum	NA	Whittle et al. 2011; Grogan 1991; Bergh 1995
Neolithikum	NA	Whittle et al. 2011
Neolithikum	NA	Whittle et al. 2011; Grogan 1991
Glockenbecher	NA	NA
Mig	NA	Whittle et al. 2011b, 590
Neolithikum	NA	NA
Mig	NA	Whittle et al. 2011b, 590
Neolithikum	NA	NA
Neolithikum	NA	Whittle et al. 2011
Neolithikum	NA	Whittle et al. 2011

Bibliographic references

No bibliographic information available. [Vogel & Waterbolk 1963: 184]
Chapple, R. M. (2019). Catalogue of Radiocarbon Determinations & Dendrochronology Dates (August 2019 Release) [Data set]. Oculus Obscura Press. https://sites.google.com/site/chapplearchaeology/irish-radiocarbon-dendrochronological-dates [IRDD (CalPal)]
No bibliographic information available. [Whittle et al. 2011]
No bibliographic information available. [Whittle et al. 2011b, 589]
No bibliographic information available. [Whittle et al. 2011b, 590]
No bibliographic information available. [Ramsey et al. 2002; Whittle et al. 2011]
No bibliographic information available. [Whittle et al. 2011; Eogan 1986]
No bibliographic information available. [Whittle et al. 2011; Grogan 1991; Bergh 1995]
No bibliographic information available. [Whittle et al. 2011; Grogan 1991]
No bibliographic information available. [Lanting & Brindley 1998, 6; McCormick, Kerr, McClatchie & O'Sullivan 2011, A274; Eogan 2012, 765; Mapping Death DB; Dowling 2014, 173]
No bibliographic information available. [Raftery 1994, 230; Eogan 2012, 765; Dowling 2014, 173]
No bibliographic information available. [Raftery 1994, 230; Waddell 2000, 372; Eogan 2012, 765; Dowling 2014, 173]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan & Roche 1997, 9, 39; Cooney, Bayliss, Healy, Whittle, Danaher, Cagney, Mallory, Smyth, Kador & O'Sullivan 2011, 589]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan & Roche 1997, 9, 39; Cooney, Bayliss, Healy, Whittle, Danaher, Cagney, Mallory, Smyth, Kador & O'Sullivan 2011, 590]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan & Roche 1997, 16]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan & Roche 1997, 18, 39; Cooney, Bayliss, Healy, Whittle, Danaher, Cagney, Mallory, Smyth, Kador & O'Sullivan 2011, 590]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan & Roche 1997, 202]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan & Roche 1997, 219]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan & Roche 1997, 257]
No bibliographic information available. [Kerr 2007, 94]
No bibliographic information available. [Lavell 1971, 3E.3]
No bibliographic information available. [Pers. Comm. Richard Warner; Eogan 2012, 765; ORAU Datelist 17 (http://users.ox.ac.uk/~orau/dl_am17.html)]
No bibliographic information available. [McCormick, Kerr, McClatchie & O'Sullivan 2011, A274; Eogan 2012, 765]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2012, 765]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2012, 765; Pers. Comm. Richard Warner; ORAU Datelist 17 (http://users.ox.ac.uk/~orau/dl_am17.html)]
No bibliographic information available. [ORAU Datelist 26 (http://users.ox.ac.uk/~orau/dl_am26.html)]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 84, 339]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 108, 337]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 111, 337]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 112, 337]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 112-3, 337]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 113, 337]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 115, 338]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 115]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 117, 338]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 122, 338, 341]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 123]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 123, 338]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 127, 338, 341]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 129, 339]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 130, 339, 341]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 130, 339]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 133, 339]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 134, 339]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 191]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 214]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 247]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 248]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 249]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 337]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 338, 341]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 338]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 339]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 339, 341]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 340]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 340, 341]
No bibliographic information available. [Eogan 2017, 341]
No bibliographic information available. [Pers. Comm. Rowan McLaughlin, via Cultivating Societies]
Bevan, A. H. (2017). Radiocarbon Dataset and Analysis from Bevan, A., Colledge, S., Fuller, D., Fyfe, R., Shennan, S. and C. Stevens 2017. Holocene Fluctuations in Human Population Demonstrate Repeated Links to Food Production and Climate [Data set]. UCL Institute of Archaeology. https://doi.org/10.14324/000.ds.10025178 [Bevan2017]
No bibliographic information available. [Bevan2017; EUROEVOL; RADON]
No bibliographic information available. [Whittle et al. 2011b 590]
No bibliographic information available. [Sinitsyn A.A. 2006. QI 152-153: 175-185. Douka 2017 Current Anthropology 58 Supplement 17 480-]
No bibliographic information available. [Furholt 2003 260; Lanting/Aerts-Bijma/van der Pflicht 2001 251 Tab. 1; 253 Tab. 4]
No bibliographic information available. [Whittle et al. 2011b 589]
No bibliographic information available. [Kiel DB 3070]
Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]
Hinz, M., Furholt, M., Müller, J., Raetzel-Fabian, D., Rinne, C., Sjögren, K.-G., & Wotzka, H.-P. (2012). RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age. Journal of Neolithic Archaeology, 14, 1–4. https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116 [RADON]
Weninger, B. (2022). CalPal Edition 2022.9. Zenodo. https://doi.org/1010.5281/zenodo.7422618 [CalPal2022]
Manning, K., Timpson, A., Colledge, S., Crema, E., & Shennan, S. (2015). The Cultural Evolution of Neolithic Europe. EUROEVOL Dataset [Data set]. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1469811/ [EUROEVOL]
Chapple, R. M. (2019). Catalogue of Radiocarbon Determinations & Dendrochronology Dates (August 2019 Release) [Data set]. Oculus Obscura Press. https://sites.google.com/site/chapplearchaeology/irish-radiocarbon-dendrochronological-dates [IRDD]

@misc{Vogel & Waterbolk 1963: 184,
  
}
@dataset{IRDD,
  title = {Catalogue of Radiocarbon Determinations & Dendrochronology Dates (August 2019 Release)},
  author = {Chapple, Robert M},
  date = {2019},
  publisher = {Oculus Obscura Press},
  location = {Belfast},
  url = {https://sites.google.com/site/chapplearchaeology/irish-radiocarbon-dendrochronological-dates}
}
@misc{Whittle et al. 2011,
  
}
@misc{Whittle et al. 2011b, 589,
  
}
@misc{Whittle et al. 2011b, 590,
  
}
@misc{Ramsey et al. 2002; Whittle et al. 2011,
  
}
@misc{Whittle et al. 2011; Eogan 1986,
  
}
@misc{Whittle et al. 2011; Grogan 1991; Bergh 1995,
  
}
@misc{Whittle et al. 2011; Grogan 1991,
  
}
@misc{Lanting & Brindley 1998, 6; McCormick, Kerr, McClatchie & O'Sullivan 2011, A274; Eogan 2012, 765; Mapping Death DB; Dowling 2014, 173,
  
}
@misc{Raftery 1994, 230; Eogan 2012, 765; Dowling 2014, 173,
  
}
@misc{Raftery 1994, 230; Waddell 2000, 372; Eogan 2012, 765; Dowling 2014, 173,
  
}
@misc{Eogan & Roche 1997, 9, 39; Cooney, Bayliss, Healy, Whittle, Danaher, Cagney, Mallory, Smyth, Kador & O'Sullivan 2011, 589,
  
}
@misc{Eogan & Roche 1997, 9, 39; Cooney, Bayliss, Healy, Whittle, Danaher, Cagney, Mallory, Smyth, Kador & O'Sullivan 2011, 590,
  
}
@misc{Eogan & Roche 1997, 16,
  
}
@misc{Eogan & Roche 1997, 18, 39; Cooney, Bayliss, Healy, Whittle, Danaher, Cagney, Mallory, Smyth, Kador & O'Sullivan 2011, 590,
  
}
@misc{Eogan & Roche 1997, 202,
  
}
@misc{Eogan & Roche 1997, 219,
  
}
@misc{Eogan & Roche 1997, 257,
  
}
@misc{Kerr 2007, 94,
  
}
@misc{Lavell 1971, 3E.3,
  
}
@misc{Pers. Comm. Richard Warner; Eogan 2012, 765; ORAU Datelist 17 (http://users.ox.ac.uk/~orau/dl_am17.html),
  
}
@misc{McCormick, Kerr, McClatchie & O'Sullivan 2011, A274; Eogan 2012, 765,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2012, 765,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2012, 765; Pers. Comm. Richard Warner; ORAU Datelist 17 (http://users.ox.ac.uk/~orau/dl_am17.html),
  
}
@misc{ORAU Datelist 26 (http://users.ox.ac.uk/~orau/dl_am26.html),
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 84, 339,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 108, 337,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 111, 337,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 112, 337,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 112-3, 337,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 113, 337,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 115, 338,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 115,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 117, 338,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 122, 338, 341,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 123,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 123, 338,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 127, 338, 341,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 129, 339,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 130, 339, 341,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 130, 339,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 133, 339,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 134, 339,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 191,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 214,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 247,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 248,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 249,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 337,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 338, 341,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 338,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 339,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 339, 341,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 340,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 340, 341,
  
}
@misc{Eogan 2017, 341,
  
}
@misc{Pers. Comm. Rowan McLaughlin, via Cultivating Societies,
  
}
@dataset{Bevan2017,
  title = {Radiocarbon Dataset and Analysis from Bevan, A., Colledge, S., Fuller, D., Fyfe, R., Shennan, S. and C. Stevens 2017. Holocene Fluctuations in Human Population Demonstrate Repeated Links to Food Production and Climate},
  author = {Bevan, A. H.},
  date = {2017-10-20},
  publisher = {UCL Institute of Archaeology},
  location = {London, UK},
  doi = {10.14324/000.ds.10025178},
  url = {https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10025178/},
  urldate = {2023-09-07},
  langid = {english}
}
@misc{Bevan2017; EUROEVOL; RADON,
  
}
@misc{Whittle et al. 2011b 590,
  
}
@misc{Sinitsyn A.A.  2006. QI 152-153: 175-185. Douka  2017 Current Anthropology 58 Supplement 17  480-,
  
}
@misc{Furholt 2003 260; Lanting/Aerts-Bijma/van der Pflicht 2001 251 Tab. 1; 253 Tab. 4,
  
}
@misc{Whittle et al. 2011b 589,
  
}
@misc{Kiel DB 3070,
  
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
@article{RADON,
  title = {RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.},
  author = {Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter},
  date = {2012},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Neolithic Archaeology},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {1–4},
  url = {https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116},
  abstract = {In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}
}
@misc{CalPal,
  title = {CalPal Edition 2022.9},
  author = {Weninger, Bernie},
  year = {2022},
  month = {sep},
  doi = {1010.5281/zenodo.7422618},
  url = {https://zenodo.org/record/7422618},
  abstract = {CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access},
  howpublished = {Zenodo},
  month_numeric = {9}
}
@dataset{EUROEVOL,
  title = {The Cultural Evolution of Neolithic Europe. EUROEVOL Dataset},
  author = {Manning, K. and Timpson, A. and Colledge, S. and Crema, E. and Shennan, S.},
  date = {2015-07-09},
  url = {https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1469811/},
  urldate = {2023-09-07},
  abstract = {This dataset comprises the primary data collected for the Cultural Evolution of Neolithic Europe project (EUROEVOL), led by Professor Stephen Shennan, UCL. The dataset offers the largest repository of archaeological site and radiocarbon data from Neolithic Europe (4,757 sites and 14,131 radiocarbon samples), dating between the late Mesolithic and Early Bronze Age, as well as the largest collections of archaeobotanical data (>8300 records for 729 different species, genera and families, and the largest collection of animal bone data with >3 million NISP counts and >36,000 biometrics.},
  langid = {english}
}
@dataset{IRDD,
  title = {Catalogue of Radiocarbon Determinations & Dendrochronology Dates (August 2019 Release)},
  author = {Chapple, Robert M},
  date = {2019},
  publisher = {Oculus Obscura Press},
  location = {Belfast},
  url = {https://sites.google.com/site/chapplearchaeology/irish-radiocarbon-dendrochronological-dates}
}

{"bibtex_key":"Vogel & Waterbolk 1963: 184","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"IRDD","bibtex_type":"dataset","title":"{Catalogue of Radiocarbon Determinations & Dendrochronology Dates (August 2019 Release)}","author":"{Chapple, Robert M}","date":"{2019}","publisher":"{Oculus Obscura Press}","location":"{Belfast}","url":"{https://sites.google.com/site/chapplearchaeology/irish-radiocarbon-dendrochronological-dates}"}]{"bibtex_key":"Whittle et al. 2011","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Whittle et al. 2011b, 589","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Whittle et al. 2011b, 590","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Ramsey et al. 2002; Whittle et al. 2011","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Whittle et al. 2011; Eogan 1986","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Whittle et al. 2011; Grogan 1991; Bergh 1995","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Whittle et al. 2011; Grogan 1991","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Lanting & Brindley 1998, 6; McCormick, Kerr, McClatchie & O'Sullivan 2011, A274; Eogan 2012, 765; Mapping Death DB; Dowling 2014, 173","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Raftery 1994, 230; Eogan 2012, 765; Dowling 2014, 173","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Raftery 1994, 230; Waddell 2000, 372; Eogan 2012, 765; Dowling 2014, 173","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Eogan & Roche 1997, 9, 39; Cooney, Bayliss, Healy, Whittle, Danaher, Cagney, Mallory, Smyth, Kador & O'Sullivan 2011, 589","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Eogan & Roche 1997, 9, 39; Cooney, Bayliss, Healy, Whittle, Danaher, Cagney, Mallory, Smyth, Kador & O'Sullivan 2011, 590","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Eogan & Roche 1997, 16","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Eogan & Roche 1997, 18, 39; Cooney, Bayliss, Healy, Whittle, Danaher, Cagney, Mallory, Smyth, Kador & O'Sullivan 2011, 590","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Eogan & Roche 1997, 202","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Eogan & Roche 1997, 219","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Eogan & Roche 1997, 257","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kerr 2007, 94","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Lavell 1971, 3E.3","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Pers. Comm. Richard Warner; Eogan 2012, 765; ORAU Datelist 17 (http://users.ox.ac.uk/~orau/dl_am17.html)","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"McCormick, Kerr, McClatchie & O'Sullivan 2011, A274; Eogan 2012, 765","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Eogan 2012, 765","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Eogan 2012, 765; Pers. Comm. 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Comm. Rowan McLaughlin, via Cultivating Societies","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"Bevan2017","bibtex_type":"dataset","title":"{Radiocarbon Dataset and Analysis from Bevan, A., Colledge, S., Fuller, D., Fyfe, R., Shennan, S. and C. Stevens 2017. Holocene Fluctuations in Human Population Demonstrate Repeated Links to Food Production and Climate}","author":"{Bevan, A. H.}","date":"{2017-10-20}","publisher":"{UCL Institute of Archaeology}","location":"{London, UK}","doi":"{10.14324/000.ds.10025178}","url":"{https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10025178/}","urldate":"{2023-09-07}","langid":"{english}"}]{"bibtex_key":"Bevan2017; EUROEVOL; RADON","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Whittle et al. 2011b 590","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Sinitsyn A.A.  2006. QI 152-153: 175-185. Douka  2017 Current Anthropology 58 Supplement 17  480-","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Furholt 2003 260; Lanting/Aerts-Bijma/van der Pflicht 2001 251 Tab. 1; 253 Tab. 4","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Whittle et al. 2011b 589","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kiel DB 3070","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}][{"bibtex_key":"RADON","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}","author":"{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}","date":"{2012}","journaltitle":"{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}","volume":"{14}","pages":"{1–4}","url":"{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}","abstract":"{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}"}][{"bibtex_key":"CalPal","bibtex_type":"misc","title":"{CalPal Edition 2022.9}","author":"{Weninger, Bernie}","year":"{2022}","month":"{sep}","doi":"{1010.5281/zenodo.7422618}","url":"{https://zenodo.org/record/7422618}","abstract":"{CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.}","copyright":"{Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access}","howpublished":"{Zenodo}","month_numeric":"{9}"}][{"bibtex_key":"EUROEVOL","bibtex_type":"dataset","title":"{The Cultural Evolution of Neolithic Europe. EUROEVOL Dataset}","author":"{Manning, K. and Timpson, A. and Colledge, S. and Crema, E. and Shennan, S.}","date":"{2015-07-09}","url":"{https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1469811/}","urldate":"{2023-09-07}","abstract":"{This dataset comprises the primary data collected for the Cultural Evolution of Neolithic Europe project (EUROEVOL), led by Professor Stephen Shennan, UCL. The dataset offers the largest repository of archaeological site and radiocarbon data from Neolithic Europe (4,757 sites and 14,131 radiocarbon samples), dating between the late Mesolithic and Early Bronze Age, as well as the largest collections of archaeobotanical data (>8300 records for 729 different species, genera and families, and the largest collection of animal bone data with >3 million NISP counts and >36,000 biometrics.}","langid":"{english}"}][{"bibtex_key":"IRDD","bibtex_type":"dataset","title":"{Catalogue of Radiocarbon Determinations & Dendrochronology Dates (August 2019 Release)}","author":"{Chapple, Robert M}","date":"{2019}","publisher":"{Oculus Obscura Press}","location":"{Belfast}","url":"{https://sites.google.com/site/chapplearchaeology/irish-radiocarbon-dendrochronological-dates}"}]

---
:bibtex_key: 'Vogel & Waterbolk 1963: 184'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: IRDD
  :bibtex_type: :dataset
  :title: "{Catalogue of Radiocarbon Determinations & Dendrochronology Dates (August
    2019 Release)}"
  :author: "{Chapple, Robert M}"
  :date: "{2019}"
  :publisher: "{Oculus Obscura Press}"
  :location: "{Belfast}"
  :url: "{https://sites.google.com/site/chapplearchaeology/irish-radiocarbon-dendrochronological-dates}"
---
:bibtex_key: Whittle et al. 2011
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Whittle et al. 2011b, 589
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Whittle et al. 2011b, 590
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Ramsey et al. 2002; Whittle et al. 2011
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Whittle et al. 2011; Eogan 1986
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Whittle et al. 2011; Grogan 1991; Bergh 1995
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Whittle et al. 2011; Grogan 1991
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Lanting & Brindley 1998, 6; McCormick, Kerr, McClatchie & O'Sullivan
  2011, A274; Eogan 2012, 765; Mapping Death DB; Dowling 2014, 173
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Raftery 1994, 230; Eogan 2012, 765; Dowling 2014, 173
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Raftery 1994, 230; Waddell 2000, 372; Eogan 2012, 765; Dowling 2014,
  173
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan & Roche 1997, 9, 39; Cooney, Bayliss, Healy, Whittle, Danaher,
  Cagney, Mallory, Smyth, Kador & O'Sullivan 2011, 589
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan & Roche 1997, 9, 39; Cooney, Bayliss, Healy, Whittle, Danaher,
  Cagney, Mallory, Smyth, Kador & O'Sullivan 2011, 590
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan & Roche 1997, 16
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan & Roche 1997, 18, 39; Cooney, Bayliss, Healy, Whittle, Danaher,
  Cagney, Mallory, Smyth, Kador & O'Sullivan 2011, 590
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan & Roche 1997, 202
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan & Roche 1997, 219
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan & Roche 1997, 257
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Kerr 2007, 94
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Lavell 1971, 3E.3
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Pers. Comm. Richard Warner; Eogan 2012, 765; ORAU Datelist 17 (http://users.ox.ac.uk/~orau/dl_am17.html)
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: McCormick, Kerr, McClatchie & O'Sullivan 2011, A274; Eogan 2012, 765
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2012, 765
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2012, 765; Pers. Comm. Richard Warner; ORAU Datelist 17 (http://users.ox.ac.uk/~orau/dl_am17.html)
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: ORAU Datelist 26 (http://users.ox.ac.uk/~orau/dl_am26.html)
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 84, 339
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 108, 337
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 111, 337
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 112, 337
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 112-3, 337
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 113, 337
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 115, 338
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 115
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 117, 338
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 122, 338, 341
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 123
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 123, 338
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 127, 338, 341
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 129, 339
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 130, 339, 341
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 130, 339
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 133, 339
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 134, 339
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 191
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 214
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 247
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 248
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 249
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 337
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 338, 341
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 338
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 339
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 339, 341
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 340
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 340, 341
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Eogan 2017, 341
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Pers. Comm. Rowan McLaughlin, via Cultivating Societies
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: Bevan2017
  :bibtex_type: :dataset
  :title: "{Radiocarbon Dataset and Analysis from Bevan, A., Colledge, S., Fuller,
    D., Fyfe, R., Shennan, S. and C. Stevens 2017. Holocene Fluctuations in Human
    Population Demonstrate Repeated Links to Food Production and Climate}"
  :author: "{Bevan, A. H.}"
  :date: "{2017-10-20}"
  :publisher: "{UCL Institute of Archaeology}"
  :location: "{London, UK}"
  :doi: "{10.14324/000.ds.10025178}"
  :url: "{https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10025178/}"
  :urldate: "{2023-09-07}"
  :langid: "{english}"
---
:bibtex_key: Bevan2017; EUROEVOL; RADON
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Whittle et al. 2011b 590
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Sinitsyn A.A.  2006. QI 152-153: 175-185. Douka  2017 Current Anthropology
  58 Supplement 17  480-'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Furholt 2003 260; Lanting/Aerts-Bijma/van der Pflicht 2001 251 Tab. 1;
  253 Tab. 4
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Whittle et al. 2011b 589
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Kiel DB 3070
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"
---
- :bibtex_key: RADON
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C
    Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}"
  :author: "{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian,
    Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}"
  :date: "{2012}"
  :journaltitle: "{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}"
  :volume: "{14}"
  :pages: "{1–4}"
  :url: "{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}"
  :abstract: "{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific
    dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently
    of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller
    2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy,
    still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level,
    it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and
    that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as
    sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates,
    but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate
    results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e.
    g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This
    approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which
    we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has
    been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C
    data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia –
    is collected and successively augmented.}"
---
- :bibtex_key: CalPal
  :bibtex_type: :misc
  :title: "{CalPal Edition 2022.9}"
  :author: "{Weninger, Bernie}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{sep}"
  :doi: "{1010.5281/zenodo.7422618}"
  :url: "{https://zenodo.org/record/7422618}"
  :abstract: "{CalPal is scientific freeware for 14C-based chronological research
    for Holocene and Palaeolithic Archaeology.}"
  :copyright: "{Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access}"
  :howpublished: "{Zenodo}"
  :month_numeric: "{9}"
---
- :bibtex_key: EUROEVOL
  :bibtex_type: :dataset
  :title: "{The Cultural Evolution of Neolithic Europe. EUROEVOL Dataset}"
  :author: "{Manning, K. and Timpson, A. and Colledge, S. and Crema, E. and Shennan,
    S.}"
  :date: "{2015-07-09}"
  :url: "{https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1469811/}"
  :urldate: "{2023-09-07}"
  :abstract: "{This dataset comprises the primary data collected for the Cultural
    Evolution of Neolithic Europe project (EUROEVOL), led by Professor Stephen Shennan,
    UCL. The dataset offers the largest repository of archaeological site and radiocarbon
    data from Neolithic Europe (4,757 sites and 14,131 radiocarbon samples), dating
    between the late Mesolithic and Early Bronze Age, as well as the largest collections
    of archaeobotanical data (>8300 records for 729 different species, genera and
    families, and the largest collection of animal bone data with >3 million NISP
    counts and >36,000 biometrics.}"
  :langid: "{english}"
---
- :bibtex_key: IRDD
  :bibtex_type: :dataset
  :title: "{Catalogue of Radiocarbon Determinations & Dendrochronology Dates (August
    2019 Release)}"
  :author: "{Chapple, Robert M}"
  :date: "{2019}"
  :publisher: "{Oculus Obscura Press}"
  :location: "{Belfast}"
  :url: "{https://sites.google.com/site/chapplearchaeology/irish-radiocarbon-dendrochronological-dates}"

Changelog

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR

XRONOS development team 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC

Location

Linked Data

Radiocarbon dates (219)

Typological dates (45)

Bibliographic references

Changelog

Imported from source database via c14bazAAR