R-92B
Radiocarbon date from
Portus Fiumicino,
c. 1980–1548 cal BP
Record created in XRONOS on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC.
Last updated on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC.
See changelog for details.
Contributors: XRONOS development team
Contributors: XRONOS development team
Measurement
- Age (uncal BP)
- 1850
- Error (±)
- 85
- Lab
- NA
- Method
- NA
- Sample material
- wood
- Sample taxon
- NA
Calibration
- Calibration curve
- IntCal20 (Reimer et al. 2020)
- Calibrated age (2σ, cal BP)
-
- 1980–1967
- 1943–1548
Context
- Site
- Portus Fiumicino
- Context
- Sample position
- NA
- Sample coordinates
- NA
Bibliographic references
(23)
- No bibliographic information available. [Easton 1976 168]
- Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]
- No bibliographic information available. [Palmisano2017_Italy]
- No bibliographic information available. [Goiran Jean-Philippe; Salomon Ferreol; Bukowieki Evelyne; Boetto Giula (2012) Relations entre des carottages dans les bassins et sur les structures poruaires. Chronique des activites archaeologiques de l'Ecole francaise de Rome. Italie centrale.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Larsson 2019]
- No bibliographic information available. [Jean-Philippe Goiran FerrÌ©ol Salomon HervÌ© Tronch̬re Hatem Djerbi Pierre Carbonel Carole Ognard et Christine Oberlin åÇåÊGÌ©oarchÌ©ologie des ports de Claude et de Trajan Portus delta du TibreåÊåÈ MÌ©langes de l'Ìäcole fran̤aise de Rome - AntiquitÌ© 123-1åÊ åÊ2011 157-236.]
- No bibliographic information available. [http://www.arar.mom.fr/banadora/]
- Capuzzo, G., Boaretto, E., & Barceló, J. A. (2014). EUBAR: A Database of 14C Measurements for the European Bronze Age. A Bayesian Analysis of 14C-Dated Archaeological Contexts from Northern Italy and Southern France. Radiocarbon, 56(2), 851–869. https://doi.org/10.2458/56.17453 [EUBAR]
- No bibliographic information available. [Djindjian F. 2000. In SFP mÔøΩmoire 28: 95-112.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Brocher J.E. Gallia PrÔøΩhistoire 56 2016 8-27.]
- No bibliographic information available. [van Willigen 2006]
- No bibliographic information available. [Fontana L. 2000. In SFP mÔøΩmoire 28: 59-65.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Cauvin J. 1989b 83]
- No bibliographic information available. [Salomon F. Delile H. Goiran J.P. Bravard J.P. and Keay S. 2012. The Canale di Comunicazione Traverso in Portus: the Roman sea harbour under river influence (Tiber delta Italy). GÌ©omorphologie: relief processus environnement 18(1) pp.75-90.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Aubry T 2012. JHE 62: 116-137.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Ferrara G. Reinharz M. and Tongiorgi E. 1959. Carbon-14 dating in Pisa. Radiocarbon 1(1) pp.103-110.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Valde-Nowak 2010]
- No bibliographic information available. [Mlekuz 2008]
- No bibliographic information available. [Kiel DB 4005]
- No bibliographic information available. [Alessio M. Allegri L. Bella F. Improta S. Belluomini G. Calderone G. Cortesi C. Manfra L. Petrone V. and Fruscalzo A. 1978. University of Rome carbon-14 dates XV. Radiocarbon 20(1) pp.68-78.]
- No bibliographic information available. [Gehlen 2010]
- No bibliographic information available. [Alessio M. Bella F. Cortesi C1976. University of Rome carbon-14 dates II. Radiocarbon 6 pp. 77-90.]
- No bibliographic information available. [OnoratiniG and Renault-MiskovskyJPrÔøΩhistoire et environnement du paleolithique superieur du sud-est de la Francein: European late pleistocene isotope stages 2 and 3: humans their ecology & cultural adaptationsp131-174. Douka K. 2012. JHE xxx:1]
@misc{Easton 1976 168,
}
@article{p3k14c,
title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
year = {2022},
month = {jan},
journal = {Scientific Data},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {27},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2052-4463},
doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
langid = {english},
keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
month_numeric = {1}
}
@misc{Palmisano2017_Italy,
}
@misc{Goiran Jean-Philippe; Salomon Ferreol; Bukowieki Evelyne; Boetto Giula (2012) Relations entre des carottages dans les bassins et sur les structures poruaires. Chronique des activites archaeologiques de l'Ecole francaise de Rome. Italie centrale.,
}
@misc{Larsson 2019,
}
@misc{Jean-Philippe Goiran FerrÌ©ol Salomon HervÌ© Tronch̬re Hatem Djerbi Pierre Carbonel Carole Ognard et Christine Oberlin åÇåÊGÌ©oarchÌ©ologie des ports de Claude et de Trajan Portus delta du TibreåÊåÈ MÌ©langes de l'Ìäcole fran̤aise de Rome - AntiquitÌ© 123-1åÊ åÊ2011 157-236.,
}
@misc{http://www.arar.mom.fr/banadora/,
}
@article{CapuzzoEtAl2014,
title = {EUBAR: A Database of 14C Measurements for the European Bronze Age. A Bayesian Analysis of 14C-Dated Archaeological Contexts from Northern Italy and Southern France},
shorttitle = {EUBAR},
author = {Capuzzo, Giacomo and Boaretto, Elisabetta and Barceló, Juan A.},
year = {2014},
month = {jan},
journal = {Radiocarbon},
volume = {56},
number = {2},
pages = {851–869},
issn = {0033-8222, 1945-5755},
doi = {10.2458/56.17453},
abstract = {The chronological framework of European protohistory is mostly a relative chronology based on typology and stratigraphic data. Synchronization of different time periods suffers from a lack of absolute dates; therefore, disagreements between different chronological schemes are difficult to reconcile. An alternative approach was applied in this study to build a more precise and accurate absolute chronology. To the best of our knowledge, we have collected all the published 14C dates for the archaeological sites in the region from the Ebro River (Spain) to the Middle Danube Valley (Austria) for the period 1800–750 BC. The available archaeological information associated with the 14C dates was organized in a database that totaled more than 1600 14C dates. In order to build an accurate and precise chronology, quality selection rules have been applied to the 14C dates based on both archaeological context and analytical quality. Using the OxCal software and Bayesian analysis, several 14C time sequences were created following the archaeological data and different possible scenarios were tested in northern Italy and southern France.},
langid = {english},
month_numeric = {1}
}
@misc{Djindjian F. 2000. In SFP mÔøΩmoire 28: 95-112.,
}
@misc{Brocher J.E. Gallia PrÔøΩhistoire 56 2016 8-27.,
}
@misc{van Willigen 2006,
}
@misc{Fontana L. 2000. In SFP mÔøΩmoire 28: 59-65.,
}
@misc{Cauvin J. 1989b 83,
}
@misc{Salomon F. Delile H. Goiran J.P. Bravard J.P. and Keay S. 2012. The Canale di Comunicazione Traverso in Portus: the Roman sea harbour under river influence (Tiber delta Italy). GÌ©omorphologie: relief processus environnement 18(1) pp.75-90.,
}
@misc{Aubry T 2012. JHE 62: 116-137.,
}
@misc{Ferrara G. Reinharz M. and Tongiorgi E. 1959. Carbon-14 dating in Pisa. Radiocarbon 1(1) pp.103-110.,
}
@misc{Valde-Nowak 2010,
}
@misc{Mlekuz 2008,
}
@misc{Kiel DB 4005,
}
@misc{Alessio M. Allegri L. Bella F. Improta S. Belluomini G. Calderone G. Cortesi C. Manfra L. Petrone V. and Fruscalzo A. 1978. University of Rome carbon-14 dates XV. Radiocarbon 20(1) pp.68-78.,
}
@misc{Gehlen 2010,
}
@misc{Alessio M. Bella F. Cortesi C1976. University of Rome carbon-14 dates II. Radiocarbon 6 pp. 77-90.,
}
@misc{OnoratiniG and Renault-MiskovskyJPrÔøΩhistoire et environnement du paleolithique superieur du sud-est de la Francein: European late pleistocene isotope stages 2 and 3: humans their ecology & cultural adaptationsp131-174. Douka K. 2012. JHE xxx:1,
}
{"bibtex_key":"Easton 1976 168","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]{"bibtex_key":"Palmisano2017_Italy","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Goiran Jean-Philippe; Salomon Ferreol; Bukowieki Evelyne; Boetto Giula (2012) Relations entre des carottages dans les bassins et sur les structures poruaires. Chronique des activites archaeologiques de l'Ecole francaise de Rome. Italie centrale.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Larsson 2019","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Jean-Philippe Goiran FerrÌ©ol Salomon HervÌ© Tronch̬re Hatem Djerbi Pierre Carbonel Carole Ognard et Christine Oberlin åÇåÊGÌ©oarchÌ©ologie des ports de Claude et de Trajan Portus delta du TibreåÊåÈ MÌ©langes de l'Ìäcole fran̤aise de Rome - AntiquitÌ© 123-1åÊ åÊ2011 157-236.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"http://www.arar.mom.fr/banadora/","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"CapuzzoEtAl2014","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{EUBAR: A Database of 14C Measurements for the European Bronze Age. A Bayesian Analysis of 14C-Dated Archaeological Contexts from Northern Italy and Southern France}","shorttitle":"{EUBAR}","author":"{Capuzzo, Giacomo and Boaretto, Elisabetta and Barceló, Juan A.}","year":"{2014}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Radiocarbon}","volume":"{56}","number":"{2}","pages":"{851–869}","issn":"{0033-8222, 1945-5755}","doi":"{10.2458/56.17453}","abstract":"{The chronological framework of European protohistory is mostly a relative chronology based on typology and stratigraphic data. Synchronization of different time periods suffers from a lack of absolute dates; therefore, disagreements between different chronological schemes are difficult to reconcile. An alternative approach was applied in this study to build a more precise and accurate absolute chronology. To the best of our knowledge, we have collected all the published 14C dates for the archaeological sites in the region from the Ebro River (Spain) to the Middle Danube Valley (Austria) for the period 1800–750 BC. The available archaeological information associated with the 14C dates was organized in a database that totaled more than 1600 14C dates. In order to build an accurate and precise chronology, quality selection rules have been applied to the 14C dates based on both archaeological context and analytical quality. Using the OxCal software and Bayesian analysis, several 14C time sequences were created following the archaeological data and different possible scenarios were tested in northern Italy and southern France.}","langid":"{english}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]{"bibtex_key":"Djindjian F. 2000. In SFP mÔøΩmoire 28: 95-112.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Brocher J.E. Gallia PrÔøΩhistoire 56 2016 8-27.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"van Willigen 2006","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Fontana L. 2000. In SFP mÔøΩmoire 28: 59-65.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Cauvin J. 1989b 83","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Salomon F. Delile H. Goiran J.P. Bravard J.P. and Keay S. 2012. The Canale di Comunicazione Traverso in Portus: the Roman sea harbour under river influence (Tiber delta Italy). GÌ©omorphologie: relief processus environnement 18(1) pp.75-90.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Aubry T 2012. JHE 62: 116-137.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Ferrara G. Reinharz M. and Tongiorgi E. 1959. Carbon-14 dating in Pisa. Radiocarbon 1(1) pp.103-110.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Valde-Nowak 2010","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Mlekuz 2008","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kiel DB 4005","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Alessio M. Allegri L. Bella F. Improta S. Belluomini G. Calderone G. Cortesi C. Manfra L. Petrone V. and Fruscalzo A. 1978. University of Rome carbon-14 dates XV. Radiocarbon 20(1) pp.68-78.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Gehlen 2010","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Alessio M. Bella F. Cortesi C1976. University of Rome carbon-14 dates II. Radiocarbon 6 pp. 77-90.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"OnoratiniG and Renault-MiskovskyJPrÔøΩhistoire et environnement du paleolithique superieur du sud-est de la Francein: European late pleistocene isotope stages 2 and 3: humans their ecology & cultural adaptationsp131-174. Douka K. 2012. JHE xxx:1","bibtex_type":"misc"}---
:bibtex_key: Easton 1976 168
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
:bibtex_type: :article
:title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
:author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
Jacob}"
:year: "{2022}"
:month: "{jan}"
:journal: "{Scientific Data}"
:volume: "{9}"
:number: "{1}"
:pages: "{27}"
:publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
:issn: "{2052-4463}"
:doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
:abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
:copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
:langid: "{english}"
:keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
:month_numeric: "{1}"
---
:bibtex_key: Palmisano2017_Italy
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Goiran Jean-Philippe; Salomon Ferreol; Bukowieki Evelyne; Boetto Giula
(2012) Relations entre des carottages dans les bassins et sur les structures poruaires.
Chronique des activites archaeologiques de l'Ecole francaise de Rome. Italie centrale.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Larsson 2019
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Jean-Philippe Goiran FerrÌ©ol Salomon HervÌ© Tronch̬re Hatem Djerbi Pierre
Carbonel Carole Ognard et Christine Oberlin åÇåÊGÌ©oarchÌ©ologie des ports de Claude
et de Trajan Portus delta du TibreåÊåÈ MÌ©langes de l'Ìäcole fran̤aise de Rome -
AntiquitÌ© 123-1åÊ åÊ2011 157-236.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: http://www.arar.mom.fr/banadora/
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: CapuzzoEtAl2014
:bibtex_type: :article
:title: "{EUBAR: A Database of 14C Measurements for the European Bronze Age. A Bayesian
Analysis of 14C-Dated Archaeological Contexts from Northern Italy and Southern
France}"
:shorttitle: "{EUBAR}"
:author: "{Capuzzo, Giacomo and Boaretto, Elisabetta and Barceló, Juan A.}"
:year: "{2014}"
:month: "{jan}"
:journal: "{Radiocarbon}"
:volume: "{56}"
:number: "{2}"
:pages: "{851–869}"
:issn: "{0033-8222, 1945-5755}"
:doi: "{10.2458/56.17453}"
:abstract: "{The chronological framework of European protohistory is mostly a relative
chronology based on typology and stratigraphic data. Synchronization of different
time periods suffers from a lack of absolute dates; therefore, disagreements between
different chronological schemes are difficult to reconcile. An alternative approach
was applied in this study to build a more precise and accurate absolute chronology.
To the best of our knowledge, we have collected all the published 14C dates for
the archaeological sites in the region from the Ebro River (Spain) to the Middle
Danube Valley (Austria) for the period 1800–750 BC. The available archaeological
information associated with the 14C dates was organized in a database that totaled
more than 1600 14C dates. In order to build an accurate and precise chronology,
quality selection rules have been applied to the 14C dates based on both archaeological
context and analytical quality. Using the OxCal software and Bayesian analysis,
several 14C time sequences were created following the archaeological data and
different possible scenarios were tested in northern Italy and southern France.}"
:langid: "{english}"
:month_numeric: "{1}"
---
:bibtex_key: 'Djindjian F. 2000. In SFP mÔøΩmoire 28: 95-112.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Brocher J.E. Gallia PrÔøΩhistoire 56 2016 8-27.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: van Willigen 2006
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Fontana L. 2000. In SFP mÔøΩmoire 28: 59-65.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Cauvin J. 1989b 83
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Salomon F. Delile H. Goiran J.P. Bravard J.P. and Keay S. 2012. The
Canale di Comunicazione Traverso in Portus: the Roman sea harbour under river influence
(Tiber delta Italy). GÌ©omorphologie: relief processus environnement 18(1) pp.75-90.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Aubry T 2012. JHE 62: 116-137.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Ferrara G. Reinharz M. and Tongiorgi E. 1959. Carbon-14 dating in Pisa.
Radiocarbon 1(1) pp.103-110.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Valde-Nowak 2010
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Mlekuz 2008
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Kiel DB 4005
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Alessio M. Allegri L. Bella F. Improta S. Belluomini G. Calderone G.
Cortesi C. Manfra L. Petrone V. and Fruscalzo A. 1978. University of Rome carbon-14
dates XV. Radiocarbon 20(1) pp.68-78.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Gehlen 2010
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Alessio M. Bella F. Cortesi C1976. University of Rome carbon-14 dates
II. Radiocarbon 6 pp. 77-90.
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'OnoratiniG and Renault-MiskovskyJPrÔøΩhistoire et environnement du paleolithique
superieur du sud-est de la Francein: European late pleistocene isotope stages 2
and 3: humans their ecology & cultural adaptationsp131-174. Douka K. 2012. JHE
xxx:1'
:bibtex_type: :misc