OxA-9215

radiocarbon date Radiocarbon date from Knossos, c. 8996–8640 cal BP
Record created in XRONOS on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC. Last updated on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC. See changelog for details.
Contributors: XRONOS development team

Measurement

Age (uncal BP)
7965
Error (±)
60
Lab
NA
Method
NA
Sample material
Wood charcoal Quercus deciduous type
Sample taxon
NA

Calibration

Calibration curve
IntCal20 (Reimer et al. 2020)
Calibrated age (2σ, cal BP)
  • 8996–8640

Context

Site
Knossos
Context
Sample position
NA
Sample coordinates
NA

Bibliographic reference Bibliographic references (90) 

@misc{Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.3 Efstratiou et al. 2004: 44,
  
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
@misc{Barker & Mackey 1963: 104f.; Barker et al. 1969, Evans 1971: 117; Evans 1994, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Barker et al. 1969, Evans 1971: 117; Evans 1994, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.3, Efstratiou et al. 2004: 44,
  
}
@misc{Barker et al. 1969, Evans 1994, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.3,
  
}
@misc{Barker & Mackey 1963: 104, Evans 1971: 117, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Burleigh & Matthews 1982: 159, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Barker et al. 1969, Evans 1971: 117, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Barker et al. 1969, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Burleigh et al.1977, Evans 1971: 117, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Burleigh & Matthews 1982: 159, Coleman 1992: 211 given erronously as BM-179, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Burleigh & Matthews 1982: 158, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Burleigh et al.1977, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Douka 2017,
  
}
@misc{Barker and Mackey 1963, 104,
  
}
@misc{Kiel DB 3456,
  
}
@misc{Kiel DB 3465,
  
}
@misc{Kiel DB 3470,
  
}
@misc{Alberti 2013,
  
}
@misc{Facorellis and Maniatis 2013,
  
}
@misc{Fishman 1978,
  
}
@misc{Breunig 1987, 90; Renfrew 1971,
  
}
@misc{Breunig 1987, 90,
  
}
@misc{Breunig 1987, 90; Evans 1968; Barker et al. 1969; Perlès 2001,
  
}
@misc{Breunig 1987, 90; Shennan/Steele 2000; Barker et al. 1969; Perlès 2001,
  
}
@misc{Breunig 1987, 90; Barker et al. 1969; Perlès 2001,
  
}
@misc{Breunig 1987, 90; Demoule/Perlès 1993; Perlès 2001; Barker/Mackey 1963,
  
}
@misc{Breunig 1987, 90; Evans 1968; Perlès 2001; Burleigh/Matthews 1982,
  
}
@misc{Hedges et al. 1990; Kutschera/Stadler 2000, 73,
  
}
@misc{Kutschera/Stadler 2000, 73,
  
}
@misc{BarkerMackey1963;BramiZanotti2015;DemouleetalPerles1993;Facorellis2003;Facorellis2013;FacorellisetalManiatis2013;Manningetal2015;Myersetal1992;Perlès2001;Reingruber2015;ReingruberetalThissen2005;ReingruberetalThissen2009;Warrenetal1968;Weninger2017,
  
}
@misc{BarkerMackey1963;BramiZanotti2015;FacorellisetalManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Myersetal1992;ReingruberetalThissen2009;Warrenetal1968;Weninger2017,
  
}
@misc{BramiZanotti2015;BurleighMatthews1982;FacorellisetalManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;ReingruberetalThissen2005;ReingruberetalThissen2009;Tomkins2007;Weninger2017,
  
}
@misc{BramiZanotti2015;BurleighMatthews1982;Evans1968;FacorellisetalManiatis2013;Manningetal2015;Perlès2001;ReingruberetalThissen2005;ReingruberetalThissen2009;Tomkins2007;Weninger2017,
  
}
@misc{Barkeretal1969;BramiZanotti2015;Evans1968;FacorellisManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Myersetal1992;Perlès2001;ReingruberetalThissen2005;ReingruberetalThissen2009;Tomkins2007;Warrenetal1968;Weninger2017,
  
}
@misc{Barkeretal1969;BramiZanotti2015;FacorellisManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Myersetal1992;ReingruberetalThissen2005;ReingruberetalThissen2009;Renfrew1971;Tomkins2007;Warrenetal1968;Weninger2017,
  
}
@misc{Barkeretal1969;BramiZanotti2015;Facorellis2003;Facorellis2013;FacorellisManiatis2013;Myersetal1992;Perlès2001;Reingruber2015;ReingruberetalThissen2005;ReingruberetalThissen2009;Warrenetal1968;Weninger2017,
  
}
@misc{Barkeretal1969;FacorellisManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Myersetal1992;Renfrew1971;Tomkins2007;Warrenetal1968;Weninger2017,
  
}
@misc{Burleighetal1977;FacorellisManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Tomkins2007;Weninger2017,
  
}
@misc{Burleighetal1977;FacorellisManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Myersetal1992;Tomkins2007;Weninger2017,
  
}
@misc{Burleighetal1977;Myersetal1992;Warren1976,
  
}
@misc{Burleighetal1977;FacorellisManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Myersetal1992;Tomkins2007;Warren1976;Weninger2017,
  
}
@misc{Burleighetal1977;FacorellisManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Myersetal1992;Tomkins2007,
  
}
@misc{BurleighMatthews1982;Burleighetal1977;FacorellisManiatis2013;Tomkins2007,
  
}
@misc{Hinzetal2012;Myersetal1992;Warren1976,
  
}
@misc{BurleighMatthews1982;FacorellisManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Tomkins2007;Weninger2017,
  
}
@misc{Facorellis1996,
  
}
@misc{BramiZanotti2015;FacorellisManiatis2013,
  
}
@misc{KutscheraStadler2000;ManningWeninger1992,
  
}
@misc{Höflmayer2010;MacDonaldKnappett2007,
  
}
@misc{Tomkins2007,
  
}
@misc{Efstratiou2014,
  
}
@misc{MomiglianoWilson1996,
  
}
@misc{BramiZanotti2015;Efstratiou2014;FacorellisManiatis2013;Reingruber2015;ReingruberetalThissen2005;ReingruberetalThissen2009;Weninger2017,
  
}
@misc{Myersetal1992;StuckenrathLawn1969,
  
}
@misc{Myersetal1992;StuckenrathLawn1969;WeinsteinMichael1978,
  
}
@misc{Betancourtetal1978;Myersetal1992;StuckenrathLawn1969,
  
}
@misc{KutscheraStadler2000;ManningWeninger1992;Myersetal1992;StuckenrathetalLawn1969,
  
}
@misc{FishmanLaw1978;KutscheraStadler2000;ManningetalWeninger1992;Myersetal1992,
  
}
@misc{FishmanLaw1978;Myersetal1992,
  
}
@misc{Zouridakisetal1987,
  
}
@misc{Wijnen 1981 p. 130-133.,
  
}
@misc{Barker & Mackey 1963: 104f.; Barker et al. 1969 Evans 1971: 117; Evans 1994 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{14SEA,
  
}
@misc{Barker & Mackey 1963: 104 Evans 1971: 117 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Burleigh & Matthews 1982: 159 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Barker et al. 1969 Evans 1971: 117; Evans 1994 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Barker et al. 1969 Evans 1971: 117 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Barker et al. 1969 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Barker et al. 1969 Evans 1994 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Burleigh et al.1977 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Burleigh et al.1977 Evans 1971: 117 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Burleigh & Matthews 1982: 158 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{Burleigh & Matthews 1982: 159 Coleman 1992: 211 given erronously as BM-179 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2,
  
}
@misc{SPANGLER 2000,
  
}
@misc{Maniatis 2015,
  
}
@misc{Karamitrou-Mentessidi et al. 2014,
  
}
@article{Vermeersch2020,
  title = {Radiocarbon Palaeolithic Europe Database: A Regularly Updated Dataset of the Radiometric Data Regarding the Palaeolithic of Europe, Siberia Included},
  author = {Vermeersch, Pierre M},
  year = {2020},
  month = {aug},
  journal = {Data Brief},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {105793},
  issn = {2352-3409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2020.105793},
  abstract = {At the Berlin INQUA Congress (1995) a working group, European Late Pleistocene Isotopic Stages 2 & 3: Humans, Their Ecology & Cultural Adaptations, was established under the direction of J. Renault-Miskovsky (Institut de Paléontologie humaine, Paris). One of the objectives was building a database of the human occupation of Europe during this period. The database has been enlarged and now includes Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites connecting them to their environmental conditions and the available chronometric dating. From version 14 on, only sites with chronometric data were included. In this database we have collected the available radiometric data from literature and from other more restricted databases. We try to incorporate newly published chronometric dates, collected from all kind of available publications. Only dates older than 9500 uncalibrated BP, correlated with a "cultural" level obtained by scientific excavations of European (Asian Russian Federation included) Palaeolithic sites, have been included. The dates are complemented with information related to cultural remains, stratigraphic, sedimentologic and palaeontologic information within a Microsoft Access database. For colleagues mainly interested in a list of all chronometric dates an Microsoft Excel list (with no details) is available (Tab. 1). A file, containing all sites with known coordinates, that can be opened for immediate use in Google Earth is available as a *.kmz file. It will give the possibility to introduce (by file open) in Google Earth the whole site list in "My Places". The database, version 27 (first version was available in 2002), contains now 13,202 site forms, (most of them with their geographical coordinates), comprising 17,022 radiometric data: Conv. 14C and AMS 14C (13,144 items), TL (678 items), OSL (1050 items), ESR, Th/U and AAR (2150 items) from the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. All 14C dates are conventional dates BP. This improved version 27 replaces the older version 26.},
  month_numeric = {8}
}
@misc{Banadora. Delibrias G.  1990. In: Paleolithique moyen recent et Paleolithique superieur ancien en Europe. Memoires du Musee de Prehist. d'Ile-de-France 3:39-42. Higham  2010. PNAS1007963107. Zilhao  2011. Before Farming 3.,
  
}
@misc{Archaeometry  30(2) (1988) 291-305,
  
}
@article{RADON,
  title = {RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.},
  author = {Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter},
  date = {2012},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Neolithic Archaeology},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {1–4},
  url = {https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116},
  abstract = {In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}
}
@misc{Goring-Morris and Cohern 2005,
  
}
@misc{Housley 1994,
  
}
@misc{Lanting et al. 1999/2000,
  
}
@misc{Gowlett et al. 1987; Pettipas and Buchner 1983; Buchner 1984a 1984b; Gillespie et al. 1985,
  
}
@misc{Kutschera/Stadler 2000 73,
  
}
@misc{Satterthwaite and Ralph 1960: Table 1; Kennett et al 2013: Table S1,
  
}
@misc{Fishman and Lawn 1978,
  
}

{"bibtex_key":"Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.3 Efstratiou et al. 2004: 44","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]{"bibtex_key":"Barker & Mackey 1963: 104f.; Barker et al. 1969, Evans 1971: 117; Evans 1994, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Barker et al. 1969, Evans 1971: 117; Evans 1994, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.3, Efstratiou et al. 2004: 44","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Barker et al. 1969, Evans 1994, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.3","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Barker & Mackey 1963: 104, Evans 1971: 117, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Burleigh & Matthews 1982: 159, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Barker et al. 1969, Evans 1971: 117, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Barker et al. 1969, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Burleigh et al.1977, Evans 1971: 117, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Burleigh & Matthews 1982: 159, Coleman 1992: 211 given erronously as BM-179, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Burleigh & Matthews 1982: 158, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Burleigh et al.1977, Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Douka 2017","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Barker and Mackey 1963, 104","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kiel DB 3456","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kiel DB 3465","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kiel DB 3470","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Alberti 2013","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Facorellis and Maniatis 2013","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Fishman 1978","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Breunig 1987, 90; Renfrew 1971","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Breunig 1987, 90","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Breunig 1987, 90; Evans 1968; Barker et al. 1969; Perlès 2001","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Breunig 1987, 90; Shennan/Steele 2000; Barker et al. 1969; Perlès 2001","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Breunig 1987, 90; Barker et al. 1969; Perlès 2001","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Breunig 1987, 90; Demoule/Perlès 1993; Perlès 2001; Barker/Mackey 1963","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Breunig 1987, 90; Evans 1968; Perlès 2001; Burleigh/Matthews 1982","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Hedges et al. 1990; Kutschera/Stadler 2000, 73","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kutschera/Stadler 2000, 73","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"BarkerMackey1963;BramiZanotti2015;DemouleetalPerles1993;Facorellis2003;Facorellis2013;FacorellisetalManiatis2013;Manningetal2015;Myersetal1992;Perlès2001;Reingruber2015;ReingruberetalThissen2005;ReingruberetalThissen2009;Warrenetal1968;Weninger2017","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"BarkerMackey1963;BramiZanotti2015;FacorellisetalManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Myersetal1992;ReingruberetalThissen2009;Warrenetal1968;Weninger2017","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"BramiZanotti2015;BurleighMatthews1982;FacorellisetalManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;ReingruberetalThissen2005;ReingruberetalThissen2009;Tomkins2007;Weninger2017","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"BramiZanotti2015;BurleighMatthews1982;Evans1968;FacorellisetalManiatis2013;Manningetal2015;Perlès2001;ReingruberetalThissen2005;ReingruberetalThissen2009;Tomkins2007;Weninger2017","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Barkeretal1969;BramiZanotti2015;Evans1968;FacorellisManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Myersetal1992;Perlès2001;ReingruberetalThissen2005;ReingruberetalThissen2009;Tomkins2007;Warrenetal1968;Weninger2017","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Barkeretal1969;BramiZanotti2015;FacorellisManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Myersetal1992;ReingruberetalThissen2005;ReingruberetalThissen2009;Renfrew1971;Tomkins2007;Warrenetal1968;Weninger2017","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Barkeretal1969;BramiZanotti2015;Facorellis2003;Facorellis2013;FacorellisManiatis2013;Myersetal1992;Perlès2001;Reingruber2015;ReingruberetalThissen2005;ReingruberetalThissen2009;Warrenetal1968;Weninger2017","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Barkeretal1969;FacorellisManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Myersetal1992;Renfrew1971;Tomkins2007;Warrenetal1968;Weninger2017","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Burleighetal1977;FacorellisManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Tomkins2007;Weninger2017","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Burleighetal1977;FacorellisManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Myersetal1992;Tomkins2007;Weninger2017","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Burleighetal1977;Myersetal1992;Warren1976","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Burleighetal1977;FacorellisManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Myersetal1992;Tomkins2007;Warren1976;Weninger2017","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Burleighetal1977;FacorellisManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Myersetal1992;Tomkins2007","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"BurleighMatthews1982;Burleighetal1977;FacorellisManiatis2013;Tomkins2007","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Hinzetal2012;Myersetal1992;Warren1976","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"BurleighMatthews1982;FacorellisManiatis2013;Hinzetal2012;Tomkins2007;Weninger2017","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Facorellis1996","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"BramiZanotti2015;FacorellisManiatis2013","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"KutscheraStadler2000;ManningWeninger1992","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Höflmayer2010;MacDonaldKnappett2007","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Tomkins2007","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Efstratiou2014","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"MomiglianoWilson1996","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"BramiZanotti2015;Efstratiou2014;FacorellisManiatis2013;Reingruber2015;ReingruberetalThissen2005;ReingruberetalThissen2009;Weninger2017","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Myersetal1992;StuckenrathLawn1969","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Myersetal1992;StuckenrathLawn1969;WeinsteinMichael1978","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Betancourtetal1978;Myersetal1992;StuckenrathLawn1969","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"KutscheraStadler2000;ManningWeninger1992;Myersetal1992;StuckenrathetalLawn1969","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"FishmanLaw1978;KutscheraStadler2000;ManningetalWeninger1992;Myersetal1992","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"FishmanLaw1978;Myersetal1992","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Zouridakisetal1987","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Wijnen 1981 p. 130-133.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Barker & Mackey 1963: 104f.; Barker et al. 1969 Evans 1971: 117; Evans 1994 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"14SEA","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Barker & Mackey 1963: 104 Evans 1971: 117 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Burleigh & Matthews 1982: 159 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Barker et al. 1969 Evans 1971: 117; Evans 1994 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Barker et al. 1969 Evans 1971: 117 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Barker et al. 1969 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Barker et al. 1969 Evans 1994 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Burleigh et al.1977 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Burleigh et al.1977 Evans 1971: 117 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Burleigh & Matthews 1982: 158 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Burleigh & Matthews 1982: 159 Coleman 1992: 211 given erronously as BM-179 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"SPANGLER 2000","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Maniatis 2015","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Karamitrou-Mentessidi et al. 2014","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"Vermeersch2020","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{Radiocarbon Palaeolithic Europe Database: A Regularly Updated Dataset of the Radiometric Data Regarding the Palaeolithic of Europe, Siberia Included}","author":"{Vermeersch, Pierre M}","year":"{2020}","month":"{aug}","journal":"{Data Brief}","volume":"{31}","pages":"{105793}","issn":"{2352-3409}","doi":"{10.1016/j.dib.2020.105793}","abstract":"{At the Berlin INQUA Congress (1995) a working group, European Late Pleistocene Isotopic Stages 2 & 3: Humans, Their Ecology & Cultural Adaptations, was established under the direction of J. Renault-Miskovsky (Institut de Paléontologie humaine, Paris). One of the objectives was building a database of the human occupation of Europe during this period. The database has been enlarged and now includes Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites connecting them to their environmental conditions and the available chronometric dating. From version 14 on, only sites with chronometric data were included. In this database we have collected the available radiometric data from literature and from other more restricted databases. We try to incorporate newly published chronometric dates, collected from all kind of available publications. Only dates older than 9500 uncalibrated BP, correlated with a \"cultural\" level obtained by scientific excavations of European (Asian Russian Federation included) Palaeolithic sites, have been included. The dates are complemented with information related to cultural remains, stratigraphic, sedimentologic and palaeontologic information within a Microsoft Access database. For colleagues mainly interested in a list of all chronometric dates an Microsoft Excel list (with no details) is available (Tab. 1). A file, containing all sites with known coordinates, that can be opened for immediate use in Google Earth is available as a *.kmz file. It will give the possibility to introduce (by file open) in Google Earth the whole site list in \"My Places\". The database, version 27 (first version was available in 2002), contains now 13,202 site forms, (most of them with their geographical coordinates), comprising 17,022 radiometric data: Conv. 14C and AMS 14C (13,144 items), TL (678 items), OSL (1050 items), ESR, Th/U and AAR (2150 items) from the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. All 14C dates are conventional dates BP. This improved version 27 replaces the older version 26.}","month_numeric":"{8}"}]{"bibtex_key":"Banadora. Delibrias G.  1990. In: Paleolithique moyen recent et Paleolithique superieur ancien en Europe. Memoires du Musee de Prehist. d'Ile-de-France 3:39-42. Higham  2010. PNAS1007963107. Zilhao  2011. Before Farming 3.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Archaeometry  30(2) (1988) 291-305","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"RADON","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}","author":"{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}","date":"{2012}","journaltitle":"{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}","volume":"{14}","pages":"{1–4}","url":"{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}","abstract":"{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}"}]{"bibtex_key":"Goring-Morris and Cohern 2005","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Housley 1994","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Lanting et al. 1999/2000","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Gowlett et al. 1987; Pettipas and Buchner 1983; Buchner 1984a 1984b; Gillespie et al. 1985","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Kutschera/Stadler 2000 73","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Satterthwaite and Ralph 1960: Table 1; Kennett et al 2013: Table S1","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Fishman and Lawn 1978","bibtex_type":"misc"}
---
:bibtex_key: 'Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.3 Efstratiou et al. 2004: 44'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"
---
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---
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:bibtex_key: 'Barker et al. 1969 Evans 1971: 117 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table
  10.1–2'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Barker et al. 1969 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Barker et al. 1969 Evans 1994 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Burleigh et al.1977 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Burleigh et al.1977 Evans 1971: 117 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table
  10.1–2'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Burleigh & Matthews 1982: 158 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Burleigh & Matthews 1982: 159 Coleman 1992: 211 given erronously as
  BM-179 Facorellis & Maniatis 2013: Table 10.1–2'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: SPANGLER 2000
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Maniatis 2015
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Karamitrou-Mentessidi et al. 2014
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: Vermeersch2020
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{Radiocarbon Palaeolithic Europe Database: A Regularly Updated Dataset
    of the Radiometric Data Regarding the Palaeolithic of Europe, Siberia Included}"
  :author: "{Vermeersch, Pierre M}"
  :year: "{2020}"
  :month: "{aug}"
  :journal: "{Data Brief}"
  :volume: "{31}"
  :pages: "{105793}"
  :issn: "{2352-3409}"
  :doi: "{10.1016/j.dib.2020.105793}"
  :abstract: '{At the Berlin INQUA Congress (1995) a working group, European Late
    Pleistocene Isotopic Stages 2 & 3: Humans, Their Ecology & Cultural Adaptations,
    was established under the direction of J. Renault-Miskovsky (Institut de Paléontologie
    humaine, Paris). One of the objectives was building a database of the human occupation
    of Europe during this period. The database has been enlarged and now includes
    Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites connecting them to their environmental
    conditions and the available chronometric dating. From version 14 on, only sites
    with chronometric data were included. In this database we have collected the available
    radiometric data from literature and from other more restricted databases. We
    try to incorporate newly published chronometric dates, collected from all kind
    of available publications. Only dates older than 9500 uncalibrated BP, correlated
    with a "cultural" level obtained by scientific excavations of European (Asian
    Russian Federation included) Palaeolithic sites, have been included. The dates
    are complemented with information related to cultural remains, stratigraphic,
    sedimentologic and palaeontologic information within a Microsoft Access database.
    For colleagues mainly interested in a list of all chronometric dates an Microsoft
    Excel list (with no details) is available (Tab. 1). A file, containing all sites
    with known coordinates, that can be opened for immediate use in Google Earth is
    available as a *.kmz file. It will give the possibility to introduce (by file
    open) in Google Earth the whole site list in "My Places". The database, version
    27 (first version was available in 2002), contains now 13,202 site forms, (most
    of them with their geographical coordinates), comprising 17,022 radiometric data:
    Conv. 14C and AMS 14C (13,144 items), TL (678 items), OSL (1050 items), ESR, Th/U
    and AAR (2150 items) from the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. All 14C dates
    are conventional dates BP. This improved version 27 replaces the older version
    26.}'
  :month_numeric: "{8}"
---
:bibtex_key: 'Banadora. Delibrias G.  1990. In: Paleolithique moyen recent et Paleolithique
  superieur ancien en Europe. Memoires du Musee de Prehist. d''Ile-de-France 3:39-42.
  Higham  2010. PNAS1007963107. Zilhao  2011. Before Farming 3.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Archaeometry  30(2) (1988) 291-305
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: RADON
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C
    Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}"
  :author: "{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian,
    Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}"
  :date: "{2012}"
  :journaltitle: "{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}"
  :volume: "{14}"
  :pages: "{1–4}"
  :url: "{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}"
  :abstract: "{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific
    dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently
    of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller
    2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy,
    still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level,
    it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and
    that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as
    sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates,
    but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate
    results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e.
    g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This
    approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which
    we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has
    been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C
    data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia –
    is collected and successively augmented.}"
---
:bibtex_key: Goring-Morris and Cohern 2005
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Housley 1994
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Lanting et al. 1999/2000
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Gowlett et al. 1987; Pettipas and Buchner 1983; Buchner 1984a 1984b;
  Gillespie et al. 1985
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Kutschera/Stadler 2000 73
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Satterthwaite and Ralph 1960: Table 1; Kennett et al 2013: Table S1'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Fishman and Lawn 1978
:bibtex_type: :misc

Changelog