OxA-4428

Radiocarbon date from Pin Hole Cave, c. 49285–42393 cal BP

Record created in XRONOS on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC. Last updated on 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC. See changelog for details.
Contributors: XRONOS development team

Measurement

Age (uncal BP): 42700
Error (±): 2200
Lab: NA
Method: NA
Sample material: bone
Sample taxon: NA

Calibration

Calibration curve

IntCal20 (Reimer et al. 2020)

Calibrated age (2σ, cal BP)

49285–42393

Context

Site: Pin Hole Cave
Context
Sample position: NA
Sample coordinates: NA

Bibliographic references (21)

No bibliographic information available. [White M. 2006. World Archaeology 38: 547-575. Juby C. 2011. PhD Royal Holloway. Higham T.F.G. 2006a. Radiocarbon 48(2): 179-95.]
Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R. K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J. M., Finley, J. B., Gayo, E. M., Gil, A., d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hoggarth, J. A., Kay, A., Loftus, E., Lombardo, U., Mackie, M., Palmisano, A., Solheim, S., Kelly, R. L., & Freeman, J. (2022). P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates. Scientific Data, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 [p3k14c]
No bibliographic information available. [PalÔøΩo 13 2001: 204. Langlais M. 2015. BSPF 112: 5-58. Barshay-Szmidt C. Quaternary International 414 (2016) 62-91.]
No bibliographic information available. [OxA datelist 5 pp.132 (Archaeometry 29 (1987): 125-55); Andersen S. Constandse-Westermann T.S. Newell R.R. Gillespie R. Gowlett J.A.J. & Hedges R.E.M. 1986 p.40 (New radiocarbon dates for two Mesolithic burials in Denmark: in Gowlett J.A.J]
Vermeersch, P. M. (2020). Radiocarbon Palaeolithic Europe Database: A Regularly Updated Dataset of the Radiometric Data Regarding the Palaeolithic of Europe, Siberia Included. Data Brief, 31, 105793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105793 [Vermeersch 2020]
No bibliographic information available. [Brock et al. 2007]
No bibliographic information available. [http://www.biologie.de/biowiki/Ilsenh%C3%B6hle Maier A. 2015 The Central European Magdalenian]
No bibliographic information available. [Fiorentino et al. 2013]
No bibliographic information available. [Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Hunan.2006]
No bibliographic information available. [Fullola i Perricot J. 2006. ERAUL 115: 129-133. Fullola JM. 2012. QI 272-273: 55-74. Bronk Ramsey C. Archaeometry 57 1 (2015) 177-216.]
No bibliographic information available. [ORAU1389]
No bibliographic information available. [Boric 2009: 195 Table 1]
No bibliographic information available. [Boric 2009: 196 Table 2]
Hinz, M., Furholt, M., Müller, J., Raetzel-Fabian, D., Rinne, C., Sjögren, K.-G., & Wotzka, H.-P. (2012). RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age. Journal of Neolithic Archaeology, 14, 1–4. https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116 [RADON]
No bibliographic information available. [Boric 2009: 199 Table 5]
No bibliographic information available. [Delibrias G. 1990. In: Paleolithique moyen recent et Paleolithique superieur ancien en Europe. Memoires du Musee de Prehist. d'Ile-de-France 3:39-42. Varna 2013.. JHE]
No bibliographic information available. [Nixon 2009]
No bibliographic information available. [Bokbot.2019PersComm]
No bibliographic information available. [Archaeometry 36 2 (1994) 337 - 7425/08/2009 Jacobi R.M. 2009. QSR 28: 1895-1913.]
No bibliographic information available. [FagnartJ.P. and CoudretP.Le Tardiglaciaire dans le nord de la France.In: European late pleistocene isotope stages 2 and 3: humans their ecology & cultural adaptationsp111-128]
No bibliographic information available. [Moore et al. 1986 Gowlett and Hedges 1987 Goring-Morris 1991 Housley 1994]

@misc{White M. 2006. World Archaeology 38: 547-575. Juby C. 2011. PhD Royal Holloway. Higham T.F.G.  2006a. Radiocarbon 48(2): 179-95.,
  
}
@article{p3k14c,
  title = {P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates},
  author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
  year = {2022},
  month = {jan},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
  abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Archaeology,Chemistry},
  month_numeric = {1}
}
@misc{PalÔøΩo 13 2001: 204.   Langlais M.  2015. BSPF 112: 5-58. Barshay-Szmidt C.  Quaternary International 414 (2016) 62-91.,
  
}
@misc{OxA datelist 5 pp.132 (Archaeometry 29 (1987): 125-55); Andersen S. Constandse-Westermann T.S. Newell R.R. Gillespie R. Gowlett J.A.J. & Hedges R.E.M. 1986 p.40 (New radiocarbon dates for two Mesolithic burials in Denmark: in Gowlett J.A.J,
  
}
@article{Vermeersch2020,
  title = {Radiocarbon Palaeolithic Europe Database: A Regularly Updated Dataset of the Radiometric Data Regarding the Palaeolithic of Europe, Siberia Included},
  author = {Vermeersch, Pierre M},
  year = {2020},
  month = {aug},
  journal = {Data Brief},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {105793},
  issn = {2352-3409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2020.105793},
  abstract = {At the Berlin INQUA Congress (1995) a working group, European Late Pleistocene Isotopic Stages 2 & 3: Humans, Their Ecology & Cultural Adaptations, was established under the direction of J. Renault-Miskovsky (Institut de Paléontologie humaine, Paris). One of the objectives was building a database of the human occupation of Europe during this period. The database has been enlarged and now includes Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites connecting them to their environmental conditions and the available chronometric dating. From version 14 on, only sites with chronometric data were included. In this database we have collected the available radiometric data from literature and from other more restricted databases. We try to incorporate newly published chronometric dates, collected from all kind of available publications. Only dates older than 9500 uncalibrated BP, correlated with a "cultural" level obtained by scientific excavations of European (Asian Russian Federation included) Palaeolithic sites, have been included. The dates are complemented with information related to cultural remains, stratigraphic, sedimentologic and palaeontologic information within a Microsoft Access database. For colleagues mainly interested in a list of all chronometric dates an Microsoft Excel list (with no details) is available (Tab. 1). A file, containing all sites with known coordinates, that can be opened for immediate use in Google Earth is available as a *.kmz file. It will give the possibility to introduce (by file open) in Google Earth the whole site list in "My Places". The database, version 27 (first version was available in 2002), contains now 13,202 site forms, (most of them with their geographical coordinates), comprising 17,022 radiometric data: Conv. 14C and AMS 14C (13,144 items), TL (678 items), OSL (1050 items), ESR, Th/U and AAR (2150 items) from the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. All 14C dates are conventional dates BP. This improved version 27 replaces the older version 26.},
  month_numeric = {8}
}
@misc{Brock et al. 2007,
  
}
@misc{http://www.biologie.de/biowiki/Ilsenh%C3%B6hle Maier A. 2015 The Central European  Magdalenian,
  
}
@misc{Fiorentino et al. 2013,
  
}
@misc{Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Hunan.2006,
  
}
@misc{Fullola i Perricot J.  2006. ERAUL 115: 129-133. Fullola  JM. 2012. QI 272-273: 55-74. Bronk Ramsey C.  Archaeometry 57 1 (2015) 177-216.,
  
}
@misc{ORAU1389,
  
}
@misc{Boric 2009: 195 Table 1,
  
}
@misc{Boric 2009: 196 Table 2,
  
}
@article{RADON,
  title = {RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.},
  author = {Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter},
  date = {2012},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Neolithic Archaeology},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {1–4},
  url = {https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116},
  abstract = {In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}
}
@misc{Boric 2009: 199 Table 5,
  
}
@misc{Delibrias G.  1990. In: Paleolithique moyen recent et Paleolithique superieur ancien en Europe. Memoires du Musee de Prehist. d'Ile-de-France 3:39-42. Varna 2013.. JHE,
  
}
@misc{Nixon 2009,
  
}
@misc{Bokbot.2019PersComm,
  
}
@misc{Archaeometry 36 2 (1994) 337 - 7425/08/2009 Jacobi R.M.  2009. QSR 28: 1895-1913.,
  
}
@misc{FagnartJ.P. and CoudretP.Le Tardiglaciaire dans le nord de la France.In: European late pleistocene isotope stages 2 and 3: humans their ecology & cultural adaptationsp111-128,
  
}
@misc{Moore et al. 1986 Gowlett and Hedges 1987 Goring-Morris 1991 Housley 1994,
  
}

{"bibtex_key":"White M. 2006. World Archaeology 38: 547-575. Juby C. 2011. PhD Royal Holloway. Higham T.F.G.  2006a. Radiocarbon 48(2): 179-95.","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"p3k14c","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}","author":"{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob}","year":"{2022}","month":"{jan}","journal":"{Scientific Data}","volume":"{9}","number":"{1}","pages":"{27}","publisher":"{Nature Publishing Group}","issn":"{2052-4463}","doi":"{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}","abstract":"{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}","copyright":"{2022 The Author(s)}","langid":"{english}","keywords":"{Archaeology,Chemistry}","month_numeric":"{1}"}]{"bibtex_key":"PalÔøΩo 13 2001: 204.   Langlais M.  2015. BSPF 112: 5-58. Barshay-Szmidt C.  Quaternary International 414 (2016) 62-91.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"OxA datelist 5 pp.132 (Archaeometry 29 (1987): 125-55); Andersen S. Constandse-Westermann T.S. Newell R.R. Gillespie R. Gowlett J.A.J. & Hedges R.E.M. 1986 p.40 (New radiocarbon dates for two Mesolithic burials in Denmark: in Gowlett J.A.J","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"Vermeersch2020","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{Radiocarbon Palaeolithic Europe Database: A Regularly Updated Dataset of the Radiometric Data Regarding the Palaeolithic of Europe, Siberia Included}","author":"{Vermeersch, Pierre M}","year":"{2020}","month":"{aug}","journal":"{Data Brief}","volume":"{31}","pages":"{105793}","issn":"{2352-3409}","doi":"{10.1016/j.dib.2020.105793}","abstract":"{At the Berlin INQUA Congress (1995) a working group, European Late Pleistocene Isotopic Stages 2 & 3: Humans, Their Ecology & Cultural Adaptations, was established under the direction of J. Renault-Miskovsky (Institut de Paléontologie humaine, Paris). One of the objectives was building a database of the human occupation of Europe during this period. The database has been enlarged and now includes Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites connecting them to their environmental conditions and the available chronometric dating. From version 14 on, only sites with chronometric data were included. In this database we have collected the available radiometric data from literature and from other more restricted databases. We try to incorporate newly published chronometric dates, collected from all kind of available publications. Only dates older than 9500 uncalibrated BP, correlated with a \"cultural\" level obtained by scientific excavations of European (Asian Russian Federation included) Palaeolithic sites, have been included. The dates are complemented with information related to cultural remains, stratigraphic, sedimentologic and palaeontologic information within a Microsoft Access database. For colleagues mainly interested in a list of all chronometric dates an Microsoft Excel list (with no details) is available (Tab. 1). A file, containing all sites with known coordinates, that can be opened for immediate use in Google Earth is available as a *.kmz file. It will give the possibility to introduce (by file open) in Google Earth the whole site list in \"My Places\". The database, version 27 (first version was available in 2002), contains now 13,202 site forms, (most of them with their geographical coordinates), comprising 17,022 radiometric data: Conv. 14C and AMS 14C (13,144 items), TL (678 items), OSL (1050 items), ESR, Th/U and AAR (2150 items) from the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. All 14C dates are conventional dates BP. This improved version 27 replaces the older version 26.}","month_numeric":"{8}"}]{"bibtex_key":"Brock et al. 2007","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"http://www.biologie.de/biowiki/Ilsenh%C3%B6hle Maier A. 2015 The Central European  Magdalenian","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Fiorentino et al. 2013","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Hunan.2006","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Fullola i Perricot J.  2006. ERAUL 115: 129-133. Fullola  JM. 2012. QI 272-273: 55-74. Bronk Ramsey C.  Archaeometry 57 1 (2015) 177-216.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"ORAU1389","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Boric 2009: 195 Table 1","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Boric 2009: 196 Table 2","bibtex_type":"misc"}[{"bibtex_key":"RADON","bibtex_type":"article","title":"{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}","author":"{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}","date":"{2012}","journaltitle":"{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}","volume":"{14}","pages":"{1–4}","url":"{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}","abstract":"{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}"}]{"bibtex_key":"Boric 2009: 199 Table 5","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Delibrias G.  1990. In: Paleolithique moyen recent et Paleolithique superieur ancien en Europe. Memoires du Musee de Prehist. d'Ile-de-France 3:39-42. Varna 2013.. JHE","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Nixon 2009","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Bokbot.2019PersComm","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Archaeometry 36 2 (1994) 337 - 7425/08/2009 Jacobi R.M.  2009. QSR 28: 1895-1913.","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"FagnartJ.P. and CoudretP.Le Tardiglaciaire dans le nord de la France.In: European late pleistocene isotope stages 2 and 3: humans their ecology & cultural adaptationsp111-128","bibtex_type":"misc"}{"bibtex_key":"Moore et al. 1986 Gowlett and Hedges 1987 Goring-Morris 1991 Housley 1994","bibtex_type":"misc"}

---
:bibtex_key: 'White M. 2006. World Archaeology 38: 547-575. Juby C. 2011. PhD Royal
  Holloway. Higham T.F.G.  2006a. Radiocarbon 48(2): 179-95.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: p3k14c
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{P3k14c, a Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological Radiocarbon Dates}"
  :author: "{Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick
    and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson
    Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth,
    Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline
    and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman,
    Jacob}"
  :year: "{2022}"
  :month: "{jan}"
  :journal: "{Scientific Data}"
  :volume: "{9}"
  :number: "{1}"
  :pages: "{27}"
  :publisher: "{Nature Publishing Group}"
  :issn: "{2052-4463}"
  :doi: "{10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7}"
  :abstract: "{Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model
    prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent
    projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple
    regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative
    research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems
    across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different
    sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale,
    comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental
    data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database
    composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized
    sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological
    radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types
    of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct
    two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This
    database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian
    modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.}"
  :copyright: "{2022 The Author(s)}"
  :langid: "{english}"
  :keywords: "{Archaeology,Chemistry}"
  :month_numeric: "{1}"
---
:bibtex_key: 'PalÔøΩo 13 2001: 204.   Langlais M.  2015. BSPF 112: 5-58. Barshay-Szmidt
  C.  Quaternary International 414 (2016) 62-91.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'OxA datelist 5 pp.132 (Archaeometry 29 (1987): 125-55); Andersen S.
  Constandse-Westermann T.S. Newell R.R. Gillespie R. Gowlett J.A.J. & Hedges R.E.M.
  1986 p.40 (New radiocarbon dates for two Mesolithic burials in Denmark: in Gowlett
  J.A.J'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: Vermeersch2020
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{Radiocarbon Palaeolithic Europe Database: A Regularly Updated Dataset
    of the Radiometric Data Regarding the Palaeolithic of Europe, Siberia Included}"
  :author: "{Vermeersch, Pierre M}"
  :year: "{2020}"
  :month: "{aug}"
  :journal: "{Data Brief}"
  :volume: "{31}"
  :pages: "{105793}"
  :issn: "{2352-3409}"
  :doi: "{10.1016/j.dib.2020.105793}"
  :abstract: '{At the Berlin INQUA Congress (1995) a working group, European Late
    Pleistocene Isotopic Stages 2 & 3: Humans, Their Ecology & Cultural Adaptations,
    was established under the direction of J. Renault-Miskovsky (Institut de Paléontologie
    humaine, Paris). One of the objectives was building a database of the human occupation
    of Europe during this period. The database has been enlarged and now includes
    Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites connecting them to their environmental
    conditions and the available chronometric dating. From version 14 on, only sites
    with chronometric data were included. In this database we have collected the available
    radiometric data from literature and from other more restricted databases. We
    try to incorporate newly published chronometric dates, collected from all kind
    of available publications. Only dates older than 9500 uncalibrated BP, correlated
    with a "cultural" level obtained by scientific excavations of European (Asian
    Russian Federation included) Palaeolithic sites, have been included. The dates
    are complemented with information related to cultural remains, stratigraphic,
    sedimentologic and palaeontologic information within a Microsoft Access database.
    For colleagues mainly interested in a list of all chronometric dates an Microsoft
    Excel list (with no details) is available (Tab. 1). A file, containing all sites
    with known coordinates, that can be opened for immediate use in Google Earth is
    available as a *.kmz file. It will give the possibility to introduce (by file
    open) in Google Earth the whole site list in "My Places". The database, version
    27 (first version was available in 2002), contains now 13,202 site forms, (most
    of them with their geographical coordinates), comprising 17,022 radiometric data:
    Conv. 14C and AMS 14C (13,144 items), TL (678 items), OSL (1050 items), ESR, Th/U
    and AAR (2150 items) from the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. All 14C dates
    are conventional dates BP. This improved version 27 replaces the older version
    26.}'
  :month_numeric: "{8}"
---
:bibtex_key: Brock et al. 2007
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: http://www.biologie.de/biowiki/Ilsenh%C3%B6hle Maier A. 2015 The Central
  European  Magdalenian
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Fiorentino et al. 2013
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Hunan.2006
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Fullola i Perricot J.  2006. ERAUL 115: 129-133. Fullola  JM. 2012.
  QI 272-273: 55-74. Bronk Ramsey C.  Archaeometry 57 1 (2015) 177-216.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: ORAU1389
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Boric 2009: 195 Table 1'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Boric 2009: 196 Table 2'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
- :bibtex_key: RADON
  :bibtex_type: :article
  :title: "{RADON - Radiocarbon Dates Online 2012. Central European Database of 14C
    Dates for the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.}"
  :author: "{Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian,
    Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter}"
  :date: "{2012}"
  :journaltitle: "{Journal of Neolithic Archaeology}"
  :volume: "{14}"
  :pages: "{1–4}"
  :url: "{https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116}"
  :abstract: "{In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific
    dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently
    of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller
    2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy,
    still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level,
    it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and
    that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as
    sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates,
    but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate
    results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e.
    g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This
    approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which
    we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has
    been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C
    data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia –
    is collected and successively augmented.}"
---
:bibtex_key: 'Boric 2009: 199 Table 5'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Delibrias G.  1990. In: Paleolithique moyen recent et Paleolithique
  superieur ancien en Europe. Memoires du Musee de Prehist. d''Ile-de-France 3:39-42.
  Varna 2013.. JHE'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Nixon 2009
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Bokbot.2019PersComm
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'Archaeometry 36 2 (1994) 337 - 7425/08/2009 Jacobi R.M.  2009. QSR 28:
  1895-1913.'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: 'FagnartJ.P. and CoudretP.Le Tardiglaciaire dans le nord de la France.In:
  European late pleistocene isotope stages 2 and 3: humans their ecology & cultural
  adaptationsp111-128'
:bibtex_type: :misc
---
:bibtex_key: Moore et al. 1986 Gowlett and Hedges 1987 Goring-Morris 1991 Housley
  1994
:bibtex_type: :misc

Changelog

Imported from p3k14c via c14bazAAR

XRONOS development team 2022-12-02 00:50:45 UTC